{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:04:26Z","timestamp":1779930266824,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Light is the primary stimulus for synchronizing the circadian clock in humans. There are very large interindividual differences in the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light. Little is currently known about the genetic basis for these interindividual differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a genome-wide gene-by-environment interaction study (GWIS) in 280 897 individuals from the UK Biobank cohort to identify genetic variants that moderate the effect of daytime light exposure on chronotype (individual time of day preference), acting as \u201clight sensitivity\u201d variants for the impact of daylight on the circadian system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified a genome-wide significant SNP mapped to the ARL14EP gene (rs3847634; p &amp;lt; 5 \u00d7 10\u22128), where additional minor alleles were found to enhance the morningness effect of daytime light exposure (\u03b2GxE = \u2212.03, SE = 0.005) and were associated with increased gene ARL14EP expression in brain and retinal tissues. Gene-property analysis showed light sensitivity loci were enriched for genes in the G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway and genes expressed in Per2+ hypothalamic neurons. Linkage disequilibrium score regression identified Bonferroni significant genetic correlations of greater light sensitivity GWIS with later chronotype and shorter sleep duration. Greater light sensitivity was nominally genetically correlated with insomnia symptoms and risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to assess light as an important exposure in the genomics of chronotype and is a critical first step in uncovering the genetic architecture of human circadian light sensitivity and its links to sleep and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T16:48:51Z","timestamp":1671122931000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Genome-wide gene by environment study of time spent in daylight and chronotype identifies emerging genetic architecture underlying light sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6336-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angus C","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114 , USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute , Cambridge, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J K","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin K","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"},{"name":"Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , Manchester , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, 02114 , USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute , Cambridge, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, 02114 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean W","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turner Institute for Brain and 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