{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T07:02:22Z","timestamp":1779346942106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Science Research and Development Career Development","award":["1IK2CX001397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1IK2CX001397"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Career Development","award":["1IK2RX000703-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1IK2RX000703-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior work has established associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disrupted sleep, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but few studies have examined health correlates of nightmares beyond risks conferred by PTSD. This study examined associations between nightmares and CVD in military veterans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were veterans (N\u2005=\u20053468; 77% male) serving since September 11, 2001, aged 38 years (SD\u2005=\u200510.4); approximately 30% were diagnosed with PTSD. Nightmare frequency and severity were assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). Self-reported medical issues were assessed using the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study Self-report Medical Questionnaire. Mental health disorders were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. The sample was stratified by the presence or absence of PTSD. Within-group associations between nightmare frequency and severity and self-reported CVD conditions, adjusting for age, sex, race, current smoking, depression, and sleep duration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Frequent and severe nightmares during the past week were endorsed by 32% and 35% of participants, respectively. Those endorsing nightmares that were frequent, severe, and the combination thereof were more likely to also evidence high blood pressure (ORs 1.42, OR 1.56, and OR 1.47, respectively) and heart problems (OR 1.43, OR 1.48, and OR 1.59, respectively) after adjusting for PTSD diagnosis and other covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nightmare frequency and severity among veterans are associated with cardiovascular conditions, even after controlling for PTSD diagnosis. Study findings suggest that nightmares may be an independent risk factor for CVD. Additional research is needed to validate these findings using confirmed diagnoses and explore potential mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T01:53:41Z","timestamp":1680227621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nightmares: an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison A","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth A","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"},{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann V","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System , Durham, NC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade Q","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean C","family":"Beckham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M","family":"Hoerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christi S","family":"Ulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System , Durham, NC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA"},{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT) , Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023061309305336500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061309305336500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21670","article-title":"Smoking intensity and severity of specific symptom clusters in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"25","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma 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