{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:16:11Z","timestamp":1790810171087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01CX000125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01CX000125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK6CX002287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6CX002287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL085537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL085537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies reported that the apnea\u2013hypopnea index was similar in young adult Black and White participants. However, whether this similarity reflects an analogous combination of apneas and hypopneas is unknown. Likewise, the physiological mechanisms underlying this similarity has not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>60 Black and 48 White males completed the study. After matching for age and body mass index, 41 participants remained in each group. All participants completed a sleep study. Subsequently, standard sleep indices along with loop gain and the arousal threshold were determined. In addition, airway collapsibility (24 of 60 and 14 of 48 participants) and the hypoxic ventilatory response during wakefulness (30 of 60 and 25 of 48 participants) was measured.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The apnea\u2013hypopnea index was similar in Blacks and Whites (p = .140). However, the index was comprised of more apneas (p = .014) and fewer hypopneas (p = .025) in Black males. These modifications were coupled to a reduced loop gain (p = .0002) and a more collapsible airway (p = .030). These differences were independent of whether or not the groups were matched. For a given hypoxic response, loop gain was reduced in Black compared to White males (p = .023).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite a similar apnea\u2013hypopnea index, more apneas and fewer hypopneas were evident in young adult Black compared to White males. The physiological mechanisms that contribute to these events were also different between groups. Addressing these differences may be important when considering novel therapeutic approaches to eliminate apnea in Black and White participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T13:32:59Z","timestamp":1680269579000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Racial differences in upper airway collapsibility and loop gain in young adult males"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Shipra","family":"Puri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino S","family":"Panza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Kissane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Reck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Sheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Safwan","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason H","family":"Mateika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023121103391214300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","article-title":"Pathophysiology of sleep apnea","volume":"90","author":"Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023121103391214300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069","article-title":"Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences","volume":"69","author":"Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll 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