{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:14:28Z","timestamp":1794374068028,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services","award":["2019032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019032"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["276082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["276082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation","award":["802998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["802998"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South\u2013Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South\u2013Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South\u2013Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a neurological sleep disorder. Postmortem studies have shown 75%\u201390% loss of the 50 000\u201370 000 hypocretin-producing neurons and 64%\u201394% increase in the 64 000\u2013120 000 histaminergic neurons and conflicting indications of gliosis in the hypothalamus of NT1 patients. The aim of this study was to compare MRI-based volumes of the hypothalamus in patients with NT1 and controls in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used a segmentation tool based on deep learning included in Freesurfer and computed the volume of the whole hypothalamus, left\/right part of the hypothalamus, and 10 hypothalamic subregions. We included 54 patients with post-H1N1 NT1 (39 females, mean age 21.8 \u00b1 11.0 years) and 114 controls (77 females, mean age 23.2 \u00b1 9.0 years). Group differences were tested with general linear models using permutation testing in Permutation Analysis of Linear Models and evaluated after 10 000 permutations, yielding two-tailed P-values. Furthermore, a stepwise Bonferroni correction was performed after dividing hypothalamus into smaller regions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The analysis revealed larger volume for patients compared to controls for the whole hypothalamus (Cohen\u2019s d = 0.71, p = 0.0028) and for the left (d = 0.70, p = 0.0037) and right part of the hypothalamus (d = 0.65, p = 0.0075) and left (d = 0.72, p = 0.0036) and right tubular-inferior (d = 0.71, p = 0.0037) hypothalamic subregions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, patients with post-H1N1 NT1 showed significantly larger hypothalamic volume than controls, in particular in the tubular-inferior subregions which could reflect several processes as previous studies have indicated neuroinflammation, gliosis, and changes in the numbers of different cell types.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T20:19:56Z","timestamp":1689711596000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Larger hypothalamic volume in narcolepsy type 1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6796-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde T","family":"Juvodden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rare Disorders, Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Oslo University Hospital , Ullev\u00e5l , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dag","family":"Aln\u00e6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Departement of Psychology, Pedagogy and Law, Kristiania University College , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina J","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Agartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OIe A","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Server","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per M","family":"Thorsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital , Aker , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars T","family":"Westlye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Knudsen Heier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rare Disorders, Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Oslo University Hospital , Ullev\u00e5l , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2023111005162872300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0226-9","article-title":"Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and 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