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Recent prospective studies demonstrate the frequent incidence of RLS-like symptoms during opioid withdrawal and supervised prescription opioid tapering. Based on the therapeutic role of \u00b5-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists in the three clinical conditions and recent preclinical experimental data in rodents, we provide a coherent and unifying neurobiological basis for the restlessness observed in these three clinical syndromes and propose a heuristic hypothesis of a key role of the specific striatal neurons that express MORs in akathisia\/restlessness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T19:53:27Z","timestamp":1697918007000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Restless legs syndrome, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, and opioid-withdrawal restlessness: shared neuronal mechanisms?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Winkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Garc\u00eda-Borreguero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research Institute , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabelle M","family":"Belcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction, Research, and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy H","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse Consultation Service, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore , MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Earley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"2024031109104273500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp021288","article-title":"Clinical practice restless legs syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Earley","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024031109104273500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.025","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"2024031109104273500_CIT0003","volume-title":"De Animae Brutorum. 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