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SynthSeg, a neural network-based tool, provided high-quality segmentations despite noise. A priori hypotheses explored associations between brain function (measured by PSG) and brain structure (measured by MRI). Associations with cognitive scores and dementia status were studied. An exploratory data-driven approach investigated age-structure-physiology-cognition links.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six hundred and twenty-three patients with sleep PSG and brain MRI data were included in this study; 160 with cognitive evaluations. Three hundred and forty-two participants (55%) were female, and age interquartile range was 52 to 69 years. Thirty-six individuals were diagnosed with dementia, 71 with mild cognitive impairment, and 326 with major depression. One hundred and fifteen individuals were evaluated for insomnia and 138 participants had an apnea\u2013hypopnea index equal to or greater than 15. Total PSG delta power correlated positively with frontal lobe\/thalamic volumes, and sleep spindle density with thalamic volume. rapid eye movement (REM) duration and amygdala volume were positively associated with cognition. Patients with dementia showed significant differences in five brain structure volumes. REM duration, spindle, and slow-oscillation features had strong associations with cognition and brain structure volumes. PSG and MRI features in combination predicted chronological age (R2 = 0.67) and cognition (R2 = 0.40).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Routine clinical data holds extended value in understanding and even clinically using brain-sleep-cognition relationships.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1699690818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Linking brain structure, cognition, and sleep: insights from clinical data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1771-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoqi","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6029-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Ganglberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter\u2009\u2009N","family":"Hadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy\u2009\u2009L","family":"Gollub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isomics, Inc. Cambridge , MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab , MIT, Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy& Neurobiology, Neurology, Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Boston University , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Eugenio Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Isomics, Inc. Cambridge , MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Computing, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney S","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soriul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Kore University , Seoul ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Kore University , Seoul ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital , Ansan ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Brandon","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Joseph Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Athinoula A. 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