{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:34:12Z","timestamp":1787009652702,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K01DA050769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K01DA050769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize children and youth newly diagnosed with insomnia and to describe their use of sleep and other related prescription medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within a commercial claims database (January 1, 2016\u2013December 31, 2021), we identified children and youth (2\u201324 years) with a newly recorded insomnia diagnosis (G47.0x; F51.0x) and examined psychiatric diagnoses in the prior 6 months. We evaluated sleep and related prescription medications dispensed in the week after new insomnia diagnoses (i.e. trazodone, other antidepressants, hydroxyzine, alpha-agonists, benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics \u201cz-drugs,\u201d antipsychotics, and others). Analyses were stratified by age and psychiatric comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 68 698 children and 108 118 older youth (18\u201324 years) with a new insomnia diagnosis, three-quarters had a diagnosed comorbid psychiatric condition; anxiety disorders, depression, and ADHD were the most common. Among those without comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, 20.2% of children and 37.4% of older youth had a sleep or related medication dispensed in the following week. In children without a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, alpha-agonists, hydroxyzine, and trazodone were the most common medications; in older youth, trazodone was the most common medication followed by hydroxyzine, z-drugs, and SSRIs. Sleep and related prescription medications were more commonly dispensed to those with psychiatric comorbidities. From 2017 to 2021, there was an increase in hydroxyzine prescriptions following a new insomnia diagnosis and decline in z-drug and benzodiazepine prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings from a nationwide sample of young people with insomnia highlight the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities and variety of sleep and related medications they receive. Characterizing prescribing tendencies informs guideline development and future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T17:38:30Z","timestamp":1709314710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Psychiatric comorbidities and prescribing tendencies of sleep medications and related medications in young people with insomnia: a United States commercial claims-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Bushnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Sciences, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research; Rutgers University ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health ; Piscataway, NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ivanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine ; Chicago, IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1831-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Sciences, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research; Rutgers University ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health ; Piscataway, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica R","family":"Lunsford-Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine ; Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine ; Durham, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Gerhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Sciences, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research; Rutgers University ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health ; Piscataway, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Sciences, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research; Rutgers University ; New Brunswick, NJ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health ; Piscataway, NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Olfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center ; New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051005520714400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac010","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort effects of internalizing symptoms among US students and the influence of self-reported frequency of &gt;\/= 7 hours sleep attainment: results from the Monitoring the Future Survey 1991-2019","volume":"191","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024051005520714400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.009","article-title":"Insomnia disorder in adolescence: diagnosis, impact, and treatment","volume":"39","author":"de Zambotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"2024051005520714400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.01.004","article-title":"Sleep in 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