{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T12:25:41Z","timestamp":1792931141380,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To define sleep-related movements in healthy adults according to sex and age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sleep-related movements from 50 video-polysomnography (vPSG) recordings of 27 men and 23 women, from 20 to 70 years old, were classified according to International classification of sleep disorders (ICSD-3-TR) and American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria (codified movements); the remaining movements (non-codified movements) were described according to type (elementary movements-EMs or complex movements-CMs), topography (focal, segmental, multifocal or generalized) and, if present, were assigned to motor patterns (MPs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 4057 movements analyzed, 54.6% (2216\/4057) were non-codified (1861 CMs, 355 EMs) and 1841 were codified. CMs were mainly generalized (70%) while EMs were multifocal (40%) or focal (30%). The median movement index (MI; movement\/hour) was 11 and the median duration was 4 seconds. MI decreased from stages N1\/REM\u2005&amp;gt;\u2005N2\u2005&amp;gt;\u2005N3; men showed a higher MI. An MP was assigned to 2204 codified and non-codified movements, mainly stretching (50%) and scratching (30%). Stretching increased in REM sleep while food-carrying behaviors increased in N2. Men showed more food-carrying behaviors, changes of body positions, and comfort movements while stretching was more common in women. Younger participants exhibited more food-carrying behaviors, while scratching and stretching were more prevalent in the middle-aged group. Older participants showed more changes in body positions and comfort movements.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 54.6% of sleep-related movements in healthy participants were non-codified and characterized by motor sequences that can configure MPs. Our comprehensive classification method allows a detailed description of the physiological movements underlying differential motor control during sleep stages influenced by age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T13:01:26Z","timestamp":1719234086000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Physiological movements during sleep in healthy adults across all ages: a video-polysomnographic analysis of non-codified movements reveals sex differences and distinct motor patterns"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Angelica","family":"Montini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna , Bologna , 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