{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:49:32Z","timestamp":1773272972283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronotype has been linked to a wide variety of psychiatric conditions. In particular, evening chronotype could be a transdiagnostic risk factor for different mental health difficulties. In this study, we examine how chronotype relates to psychopathology and whether it can be conceptualized as a part of the global construct of psychopathology (p-factor) by studying the genetic and environmental overlap between these variables. We utilize data from a genetically informative design to study: (1) the association between chronotype and psychopathology; (2) the genetic and environmental overlap between chronotype and psychopathology; and (3) the predictive value of polygenic score (PGS) for chronotype for psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronotype was measured using an abbreviated version of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Measures of psychopathology included: depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and psychotic experiences among others. We used different psychopathology and chronotype-related polygenic scores. Association between chronotype and psychopathology were examined with three approaches: (1) phenotypic associations; (2) genetic and environmental associations using the twin design; and (3) genetic associations using PGS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were small, though largely significant, associations between chronotype and psychopathology with significant genetic and environmental overlap. Chronotype PGS significantly predicted a very small proportion of the variance for some measures of psychopathology (e.g. symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). However, overall, our results also suggest that the majority of genetic\/environmental influences (96 per cent) on chronotype do not overlap with those on the psychopathology factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results from this study highlight existence of significant associations between chronotype and certain psychopathology traits. However, the very small associations do not support the idea that chronotype is a core element of the general \u201cp-factor.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T11:21:00Z","timestamp":1757330460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronotype and psychopathology: insights from a genetically informative design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3450-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J","family":"Madrid-Valero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Murcia Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIB-Arrixaca) , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan R","family":"Ordo\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Murcia Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIB-Arrixaca) , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6458-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalia C","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2222-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice M","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.09.002","article-title":"Chronotype, circadian rhythms and mood","volume":"34","author":"Bauducco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031105025504900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0925-8","article-title":"Chronotype and mental health: recent advances","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217417749787","article-title":"The concept of chronotypes and its clinical importance for depressive disorders","volume":"53","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.021","article-title":"The relationship between chronotype and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Au","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031105025504900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.04.001","article-title":"Associations between morningness\/eveningness and psychopathology: an epidemiological survey in three in-patient psychiatric clinics","volume":"47","author":"Lemoine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-018-0113-8","article-title":"Chronotype and psychiatric disorders","volume":"4","author":"Kivel\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.188","article-title":"Associations of chronotype with anxiety, depression and insomnia among general adult population: a cross-sectional study in Hubei, China","volume":"351","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.829846","article-title":"Chronotype-related differences in childhood and adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior\u2014a review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Schlarb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0214-5","article-title":"A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"9","author":"Coogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.08.005","article-title":"An altered neural response to reward may contribute to alcohol problems among late adolescents with an evening chronotype","volume":"214","author":"Hasler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026031105025504900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2022.2121657","article-title":"Circadian preference in young adults: associations with sleep and mental health outcomes from a national survey of Norwegian university students","volume":"39","author":"Kj\u00f8rstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.971366","article-title":"A twin-study of genetic contributions to morningness-eveningness and depression","volume":"32","author":"Toomey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.842924","article-title":"Moderation of genetic and environmental influences on diurnal preference by age in adult twins","volume":"31","author":"Barclay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/07420521003663801","article-title":"Diurnal preference and sleep quality: same genes? A study of young adult twins","volume":"27","author":"Barclay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00562.x","article-title":"Stability of genetic influence on morningness-eveningness: a cross-sectional examination of south Korean twins from preadolescence to young adulthood","volume":"16","author":"Hur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031105025504900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001741","article-title":"Associations between diurnal preference, sleep quality and externalizing behaviours: a behavioural genetic analysis","volume":"41","author":"Barclay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13113","article-title":"The p factor: genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence","volume":"61","author":"Allegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101769","article-title":"Behaviour genetics and sleep: a narrative review of the last decade of quantitative and molecular genetic research in humans","volume":"69","author":"Madrid-Valero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.003","article-title":"Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic: consideration of neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.91","article-title":"Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): a genetically sensitive investigation of cognitive and behavioral development from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"16","author":"Haworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026031105025504900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.56","article-title":"Twins early development study: a genetically sensitive investigation into behavioral and cognitive development from infancy to emerging adulthood","volume":"22","author":"Rimfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12154","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12154","article-title":"Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): a genetically sensitive investigation of mental health outcomes in the mid-twenties","volume":"3","author":"Lockhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2007.00439.x","article-title":"The genetic and environmental origins of learning abilities and disabilities in the early school years","volume":"72","author":"Kovas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1375\/136905200320565391","article-title":"Infant zygosity can be assigned by parental report questionnaire data","volume":"3","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Twin Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","article-title":"Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes","volume":"18","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730419886986","article-title":"The \u03bcMCTQ: an ultra-short version of the Munich ChronoType questionnaire","volume":"35","author":"Ghotbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref27","first-page":"237","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1369","article-title":"A dimensional approach to measuring anxiety for DSM-5","volume":"21","author":"Lebeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x","article-title":"The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings","volume":"31","author":"Reinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00560.x","article-title":"Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: further development of the psychopathy screening device","volume":"12","author":"Frick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026031105025504900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000292","article-title":"Does the self-report inventory of callous-unemotional traits predict recidivism?","volume":"28","author":"Kimonis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022602400621","article-title":"The revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity","volume":"26","author":"Conners","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-49","article-title":"RAADS-14 screen: validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population","volume":"4","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref34","first-page":"462","volume-title":"Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Weathers","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt106","article-title":"Characterization of psychotic experiences in adolescence using the specific psychotic experiences questionnaire: findings from a study of 5000 16-year-old twins","volume":"40","author":"Ronald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031105025504900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.09.001","article-title":"Modeling linkage disequilibrium increases accuracy of polygenic risk scores","volume":"97","author":"Vilhj\u00e1lmsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref37","volume-title":"Behavioral Genetics","author":"Knopik","year":"2017","edition":"7th"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-555-8_9","article-title":"Estimating heritability from twin studies","volume":"850","author":"Verweij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8018-2","volume-title":"Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families","author":"Neale","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031105025504900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","article-title":"Factor analysis and AIC","volume":"52","author":"Akaike","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref41","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science","author":"Rijsdijk","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref42","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team RC","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-014-9435-8","article-title":"OpenMx 2.0: extended structural equation and statistical modeling","volume":"81","author":"Neale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9942-y","article-title":"Type I error rates and parameter bias in multivariate behavioral genetic models","volume":"49","author":"Verhulst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0809-y","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.17241\/smr.2021.00969","article-title":"Later chronotype correlates with severe depression in Indonesian college students","volume":"12","author":"Supit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13994","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13994","article-title":"ADHD, chronotype, and circadian preference in a multi-site sample of college students","volume":"33","author":"Becker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026031105025504900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1800028","article-title":"Evening chronotype, alcohol use disorder severity, and emotion regulation in college students","volume":"37","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031105025504900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00580.x","article-title":"Heritability of diurnal type: a nationwide study of 8753 adult twin pairs","volume":"16","author":"Koskenvuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026031105025504900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3282","article-title":"A twin study of genetic influences on diurnal preference and risk for alcohol use outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031105025504900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.12.023","article-title":"Evening chronotypes with depression report poorer outcomes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a survey-based study of self-ratings","volume":"96","author":"Crouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031105025504900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01931-2","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in ADHD: investigating the contribution of polygenic liability for ADHD and sleep-related phenotypes","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811771","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.811771","article-title":"Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: recent evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026031105025504900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.095","article-title":"Chronotype changes with age; seven-year follow-up from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety cohort","volume":"295","author":"Druiven","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031105025504900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009021","article-title":"Evaluation of polygenic prediction methodology within a reference-standardized framework","volume":"17","author":"Pain","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"}],"container-title":["SLEEPJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf231\/64235571\/zsaf231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/3\/zsaf231\/64235571\/zsaf231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/3\/zsaf231\/64235571\/zsaf231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:03:08Z","timestamp":1773219788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf231\/8250514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"article-number":"zsaf231"}}