{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T23:21:06Z","timestamp":1794093666037,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009068","name":"University of Bern","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bangerter Rhyner Stiftung"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009068","name":"University of Bern","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The boundaries between narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) and the evolution of these diseases over time are poorly understood. This retrospective cohort single-center study with a cross-sectional follow-up aims to assess changes of diagnosis and test findings over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective and cross-sectional data collection: We assessed demographic characteristics, symptoms, sleep\u2013wake tests, and diagnosis changes in patients with NT1, NT2, or IH seen at the Bern Sleep\u2013Wake Epilepsy center between 2000 and 2021. In addition, we obtained information about changes in symptoms and diagnosis by contacting patients seen between 2005 and 2017 by telephone. The two data sources were combined to analyze the frequency of diagnosis changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 214 patients (NT1 n\u2009=\u2009122, NT2 n\u2009=\u200937, IH n\u2009=\u200955) were included. In 17% (30\/179) of patients with follow-up, the diagnosis changed during the observational period. The most unstable diagnosis was NT2 (17\/30, 57%), most commonly transitioning to NT1 (n\u2009=\u20095) and IH (n\u2009=\u20099). Five patients with IH went into remission. NT1 was mostly stable (104\/107). We confirmed a poor retest reliability of the MSLT in patients with NT2 and IH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent diagnosis changes in patients with NT2 and IH challenge the current diagnostic criteria, in addition, IH can remit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T11:59:13Z","timestamp":1755172753000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Narcolepsy type 2 is an unstable diagnosis and idiopathic hypersomnia has the potential for remission\u2014long-term and cross-sectional observations from the Bern Sleep\u2013Wake Registry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Rocco G","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice E M","family":"Tamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anelia","family":"Dietmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, District Hospital Kufstein , Kufstein ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio L A","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6231-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena S","family":"Wenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026031105054089600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0226-9","article-title":"Narcolepsy\u2014clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026031105054089600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3756","article-title":"Challenges in diagnosing narcolepsy without cataplexy: a consensus statement","volume":"37","author":"Baumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026031105054089600_ref3","volume-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2014","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2026031105054089600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101306","article-title":"Diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence: a reappraisal by European experts","volume":"52","author":"Lammers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031105054089600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa044","article-title":"To split or to lump? 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