{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:02:10Z","timestamp":1785830530256,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002 -284 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-002 -284 -MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["111-2314-B-002-293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-002-293"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Electronics Technology Integration","award":["NTU-107L900502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-107L900502"]}]},{"name":"Center for Electronics Technology Integration","award":["108L900502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108L900502"]}]},{"name":"Center for Electronics Technology Integration","award":["109L900502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109L900502"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTHU 109-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTHU 109-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-S0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-S0298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-X0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-X0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-S0286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-S0286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MediaTek Inc.","award":["201802034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201802034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weight gain after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) initiation in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common, but its mechanism and relevance remain unclear. This open-label randomized trial evaluated CPAP effects on energy expenditure, intake, body composition, physical activity, and appetite-regulatory hormones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with OSA were randomized (1:1) to 12-week CPAP or inactive control. The primary outcome was resting energy expenditure (REE). Secondary outcomes included dietary intake, eating behavior, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and activity count. Tertiary outcomes included appetite-regulatory hormones. CPAP effects were assessed as baseline-adjusted between-group differences using intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis; Per-protocol analysis (completers) served as sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 52 randomized participants, 45 completed the study. In ITT analysis, CPAP had no effect on REE (8.6\u00a0kcal\/day [95% CI = \u221251.5 to 68.7]; p = .774) or caloric intake (144.4\u00a0kcal\/day [95% CI = \u2212123.1 to 411.9]; p = .283). Although insignificant in morning, CPAP significantly increased evening body weight (p = .017) and body mass index in morning and evening (p = .040 and .030). CPAP also increased FFM, raised acylated ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor 1, and reduced cortisol and cognitive restraint. No changes were observed in macronutrient intake, FM, activity, insulin resistance, leptin, or neuropeptide Y. Per-protocol findings were similar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CPAP-induced weight gain, probably primarily from FFM, occurred without measurable changes in REE, activity, or significant increases in caloric intake. Accompanying hormonal and behavioral changes suggest a subtle positive energy balance. This gain may not reflect adverse metabolic effects and supports evaluating CPAP\u2019s metabolic impact through body composition, not weight alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Validation of Sleep Healthcare System; URL: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04252482; Identifier: NCT04252482.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Statement of Significance The physiological basis and clinical relevance of weight gain following CPAP therapy remain insufficiently defined. This study found that CPAP-induced weight gain was probably primarily due to increases in FFM, without measurable changes in REE, physical activity, or significant increases in reported caloric intake. Given the potential underestimation in dietary reporting, the observed gain\u2014together with hormonal and behavioral changes\u2014suggests a subtle positive energy balance. These findings indicate that post-CPAP weight gain may not reflect adverse metabolic effects and highlight the value of assessing body composition, rather than weight alone, in clinical follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:33:39Z","timestamp":1756208019000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Continuous positive airway pressure effects on energy expenditure, intake, hormonal regulation, and body composition: a randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Center for Electronics Technology Integration, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch , Hsinchu ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yueh","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital , New Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Ru","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4830-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua J","family":"Gooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Kuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Tzer","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hsiao Chung-Cheng Hospital , New Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Hsuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Chih","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Technology Development, MediaTek Inc. , Hsinchu ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Technology Development, MediaTek Inc. , Hsinchu ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Wen","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Technology Development, MediaTek Inc. , Hsinchu ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Shiung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Jen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"2026011300174930300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: a review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026011300174930300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S232554","article-title":"Intramyocellular lipids, insulin resistance, and functional performance in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"12","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"9464","key":"2026011300174930300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71141-7","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study","volume":"365","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011300174930300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7638","article-title":"Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment","volume":"15","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026011300174930300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606599","article-title":"CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"375","author":"McEvoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011300174930300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2346085","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46085","article-title":"Objective sleep duration and all-cause mortality among people with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.029","article-title":"Weighing the impact of CPAP therapy on body mass in persons with OSA","volume":"155","author":"Budhiraja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026011300174930300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202101-060OC","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on weight and local adiposity in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12788","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12788","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of continuous positive airway pressure for sleep apnea on weight or metabolic function: individual patient-level clinical trial meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Hoyos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011300174930300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205361","article-title":"Effects of CPAP on body weight in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"70","author":"Drager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011300174930300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00689-2016","article-title":"Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on energy balance regulation: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Shechter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011300174930300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1853LE","article-title":"Weight gain induced by continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea is mediated by fluid accumulation: a randomized crossover controlled trial","volume":"203","author":"Herculano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026011300174930300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3064","article-title":"Impact of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on weight in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"9","author":"Quan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011300174930300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081195","article-title":"Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on body composition in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea: a non-randomized, matched before-after study","volume":"8","author":"Shechter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0919","article-title":"Effects of long-term continuous positive airway pressure on body composition and IGF1","volume":"162","author":"Munzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011300174930300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.3.180","article-title":"Energy expenditure in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"18","author":"Ryan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011300174930300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201511-2314OC","article-title":"Changes in energy metabolism after continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"194","author":"Tachikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"2026011300174930300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1036","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.271.6.E1036","article-title":"Energy expenditure in obstructive sleep apnea: effects of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"271","author":"Stenlof","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0146-6","article-title":"Potential effects of fat mass and fat-free mass on energy intake in different states of energy balance","volume":"72","author":"Stubbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011300174930300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.155","article-title":"Modelling the associations between fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate and energy intake in the context of total energy balance","volume":"40","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011300174930300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091387","article-title":"Indirect calorimetry in clinical practice","volume":"8","author":"Delsoglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.31969","article-title":"Effects of treatment by laser-assisted uvuloplasty on sleep energy expenditure in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026011300174930300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and energy balance regulation: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Shechter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011300174930300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1194-y","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure in OSAS: the impact of a single CPAP application","volume":"20","author":"Fekete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011300174930300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(00)00079-4","article-title":"CPAP treatment does not affect glucose-insulin metabolism in sleep apneic patients","volume":"2","author":"Smurra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026011300174930300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204446","article-title":"The influence of CPAP therapy on basal metabolic rate and physical activity in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Siopi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011300174930300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.08.015","article-title":"Effects of CPAP on energy expenditure in obese obstructive sleep apnoea patients: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Shechter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.02.010","article-title":"Relationship between energy expenditure, physical activity and weight loss during CPAP treatment in obese OSA subjects","volume":"109","author":"Bamberga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3686","article-title":"Impact of CPAP on activity patterns and diet in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)","volume":"10","author":"Batool-Anwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011300174930300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.11.007","article-title":"The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on physical activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"West","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.12.669","article-title":"Effects of CPAP on metabolic syndrome in patients with OSA: a randomized trial","volume":"161","author":"Giampa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011300174930300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.001","article-title":"Ghrelin as a survival hormone","volume":"28","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011300174930300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5992","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8111","article-title":"Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans","volume":"86","author":"Wren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011300174930300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18885-9","article-title":"Leptin alters energy intake and fat mass but not energy expenditure in lean subjects","volume":"11","author":"Chrysafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-0941-9","article-title":"Association between continuous positive airway pressure and changes in serum leptin in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011300174930300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010149","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on changes of plasma\/serum ghrelin and evaluation of these changes between adults with obstructive sleep apnea and controls: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Golshah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011300174930300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.64","article-title":"The GH\/IGF-1 axis in obesity: pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations","volume":"9","author":"Berryman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026011300174930300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101223","article-title":"Sleep and the GH\/IGF-1 axis: consequences and countermeasures of sleep loss\/disorders","volume":"49","author":"Chennaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3580","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure increases pulsatile growth hormone secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 in a time-dependent manner in men with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized sham-controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Hoyos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011300174930300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7890","article-title":"The impact of obstructive sleep apnea and positive airway pressure therapy on metabolic peptides regulating appetite, food intake, energy homeostasis, and systemic inflammation: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Mashaqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026011300174930300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10690","article-title":"Validation of photoplethysmography- and acceleration-based sleep staging in a community sample: comparison with polysomnography and Actiwatch","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011300174930300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)00229-x","article-title":"The relationship of cognitive restraint to the spontaneous food and fluid intake of free-living humans","volume":"57","author":"de Castro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011300174930300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2372","article-title":"The three-factor eating questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in a general population","volume":"134","author":"de Lauzon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011300174930300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/6.5.542","article-title":"Caloric equivalents of gained or lost weight","volume":"6","author":"Wishnofsky","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011300174930300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1082","article-title":"The effects of long-term CPAP on weight change in patients with comorbid OSA and cardiovascular disease: data from the SAVE trial","volume":"155","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026011300174930300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00012","article-title":"The regulation of muscle mass by endogenous glucocorticoids","volume":"6","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["SLEEPJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf259\/64147712\/zsaf259.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/zsaf259\/64147712\/zsaf259.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/1\/zsaf259\/64147712\/zsaf259.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:17:53Z","timestamp":1768281473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf259\/8242562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"article-number":"zsaf259"}}