{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:22:40Z","timestamp":1786753360196,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006390","name":"University of Lausanne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3200B0-105993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-105993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3200B0-118308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200B0-118308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33CSCO-122661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33CSCO-122661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33CS30-139468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33CS30-139468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33CS30-148401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33CS30-148401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33CS30-177535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33CS30-177535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3247730_204523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3247730_204523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_220190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_220190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swiss Personalized Health Network","award":["2018DRI01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018DRI01"]}]},{"name":"Leenaards Foundation, and Ligue Pulmonaire Vaudoise"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the associations of periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms with longitudinal changes in cognitive performance among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 382 community-dwelling older adults without dementia participating in the HypnoLaus study (mean age: 71.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u00a0years; 42.9% male). Participants underwent polysomnography and baseline cognitive testing, followed by a second cognitive assessment after 4.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0years. Individuals were categorized by PLMS index (PLMI) as &amp;lt;15\/h (reference), 15\u201329.9\/h, and \u226530\/h. Associations between PLMI categories and annualized changes in executive function (Stroop Test), verbal fluency, and verbal memory were examined using multiple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Additional analyses evaluated the role of RLS symptoms and PLMI\u2009\u00d7\u2009RLS symptoms interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PLMI \u226530\/h was associated with a steeper deterioration in executive function compared with the reference group (B\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06 standard deviations [SD]\/year, p\u2009=\u2009.010), equivalent to \u22120.3 SD and \u22121.5 SD declines over 5\u00a0years relative to the baseline performance and to the distribution of change scores, respectively. This association was independent of RLS symptoms and other sleep-related conditions. No significant associations were observed between PLMI and changes in verbal fluency or verbal memory. RLS symptoms were not associated with changes in any cognitive outcome, and no PLMI\u2009\u00d7\u2009RLS symptoms interaction was detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High PLMS frequency was independently associated with accelerated deterioration in executive function, suggesting a link between PLMS and cognitive aging. In contrast, RLS symptoms showed no association with changes in cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Statement of Significance This study suggests that periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) may be related to early cognitive vulnerability and could represent an early marker of accelerated cognitive aging. A higher frequency of PLMS was associated with a steeper deterioration in executive function over about 5\u00a0years in community-dwelling older adults, independent of restless legs syndrome symptoms, other sleep conditions, and relevant clinical factors. These findings highlight the need for future research to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms linking PLMS to accelerated cognitive aging, and to determine whether reducing PLMS could help preserve cognitive health, or whether PLMS primarily represent a marker rather than a direct contributor to cognitive deterioration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:15:56Z","timestamp":1760616956000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Periodic limb movements during sleep, restless legs syndrome, and cognitive changes in older adults: a population-based longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7809-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola Andrea","family":"Marchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Solelhac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Imler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ericson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Haba-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vollenweider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Kutalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Center for Primary Care and Public Health , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Pierre Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Strippoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Prilly ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Pistis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Prilly ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Preisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Prilly ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"von Gunten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Draganski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Heinzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020918530062700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.014","article-title":"Periodic leg movements during sleep: phenotype, neurophysiology, and clinical significance","volume":"31","author":"Ferri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep 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