{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:00:45Z","timestamp":1791054045258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate if glucose homeostasis was impaired during recurrent periods of sleep restriction and recovery, and if the impairment was moderated by sleep duration variability across nights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this 16-day laboratory-based study, 48 healthy young adults underwent two baseline nights of 8-h time-in-bed (TIB), followed by two cycles of \u201cweekday\u201d sleep opportunity manipulation (control group\u2019s TIB: 8-h\/night; stable short sleep group: 6-h\/night; variable short sleep group: 8-, 4-, 8-, 4-, and 6-h from the first to fifth night) and \u201cweekend\u201d recovery (all groups: 8-h\/night). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during fasting and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were measured at the end of baseline and each manipulation period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant group\u00d7day interaction on glucose or insulin outcomes was found (p &amp;gt; .15). At 2-h post-glucose load, the control group\u2019s glucose levels remained relatively stable in all OGTTs (p &amp;gt; .08), although their insulin levels increased from baseline (p &amp;lt; .02) probably due to sedentariness in the laboratory. The stable short sleep group also showed increased insulin levels in the first week (p = .02), but their glucose levels still increased from baseline (p = .02; Cohen\u2019s dz\u2009=\u20090.39). Importantly, in both weeks of sleep restriction, the variable short sleep group failed to significantly elevate their insulin levels (p &amp;gt; .30); hence, their glucose levels increased from baseline (p &amp;lt; .01, dz\u2009\u2265\u20090.99) more prominently than the stable short sleep group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucose homeostasis was impaired in healthy young adults after recurrent periods of sleep restriction. Variable and stable short sleep schedules may impair glucose tolerance to different extents and in different pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performance, Mood, and Brain and Metabolic Functions During Different Sleep Schedules (STAVAR), https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04731662, NCT04731662.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Statement of Significance Simulating two consecutive work weeks, our study showed that weekday sleep restriction led to decreased glucose tolerance despite intervening weekend recovery sleep. The extents and presentations of glucose tolerance depended on the variability in night-to-night sleep duration: the stable short sleep group experienced early signs of insulin resistance with compensatory insulin hypersecretion and small elevation in glucose concentrations, while the variable short sleep group experienced possible beta cell functional impairment, resulting in an absence of significant compensatory insulin hypersecretion and prominent increases in glucose levels. Critically, having a time-in-bed within the age-specific recommended range every night appeared to be the only way to optimize glucose tolerance, thereby minimizing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:48:00Z","timestamp":1761655680000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glucose homeostasis during recurrent periods of sleep restriction and recovery in healthy young adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yuki Y Y","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8414-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torance Y L","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8807-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany B","family":"Koa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin Meng","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June C","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026041613395697100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4684","article-title":"Trends in self-reported sleep duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041613395697100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00965-x","article-title":"Sleep characteristics across the lifespan in 1.1\u2009million people from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Kocevska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041613395697100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00627.x","article-title":"Trends in self-reported sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms in Finland from 1972 to 2005: a comparative review and re-analysis of Finnish population samples","volume":"17","author":"Kronholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026041613395697100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.08.010","article-title":"Country differences in nocturnal sleep variability: observations from a large-scale, long-term sleep wearable study","volume":"110","author":"Willoughby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041613395697100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2073","article-title":"Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"38","author":"Shan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041613395697100_ref6","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026041613395697100_ref7","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021","edition":"10th"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041613395697100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.01.026","article-title":"Global healthcare expenditure on diabetes for 2010 and 2030. 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