{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:36:44Z","timestamp":1791999404233,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6 NU50CK000510-02-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 NU50CK000510-02-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009931","name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michigan Public Health Institute"},{"name":"University of Michigan Institute for Data Science"},{"name":"University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center"},{"name":"University of Michigan Epidemiology Department"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the US Department of Health and Human Services"},{"name":"CDC\/HHS","award":["6 NU50CK000510-02-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 NU50CK000510-02-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While many adults with long COVID experience sleep problems, the long-term relationship between long COVID and sleep remains poorly understood. We investigated how long COVID is prospectively associated with sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep disturbance using a population-based cohort of Michigan adults with COVID-19 (N\u2009=\u20092406).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID was defined at baseline as reporting a recovery time of 90\u00a0days or more after the initial infection and sleep outcomes were assessed at follow-up 1 and 2, approximately 1.5 and 3\u00a0years after the initial infection. We estimated linear and multinomial logistic regression models with sleep duration as continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Then, we conducted multinomial logistic regression models for sleep quality and modified Poisson regression for moderate-to-severe sleep disturbance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID was prospectively associated with a shorter sleep duration by 0.35\u00a0hours (95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.53% to \u22120.17%) at follow-up 1. Relative to sleeping 6\u22129\u00a0hours, long COVID was associated with sleeping less than 6\u00a0hours at follow-up 1 (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR]: 3.27; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.16% to 4.96%) and follow-up 2 (aRRR: 1.91; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.28% to 2.85%). Additionally, long COVID had a strong association with poor-to-very poor sleep quality at both follow-up periods relative to very good-to-fair sleep quality at both follow-up periods. Long COVID was also associated with a 1.53 times higher risk of moderate-to-severe sleep disturbance (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.23% to 1.91%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long COVID was prospectively associated with unhealthy sleep outcomes 3\u00a0years after onset. There is a need to enhance sleep health among individuals with long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:54:06Z","timestamp":1765976046000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prospective associations of long COVID with sleep health nearly 3\u00a0years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a statewide representative cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soomin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Slocum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Whittington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Zavala","family":"Arciniega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameera","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services , Lansing, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy L","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061506413200300_ref1","author":"National Center for Health Statistics. 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