{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:34:53Z","timestamp":1791862493489,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) microstructures are related to brain functions, providing a window into the unrefreshing, non-restorative sleep and daytime fatigue symptoms in long COVID (LC) and myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS). We aim to characterize sleep EEG microstructural differences in individuals with LC and age-sex-matched healthy controls (HC), and also ME\/CFS, using overnight in-lab facility-measured polysomnography (PSG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>28 LC and 28 HC participants came from a single-center research study. 19 ME\/CFS participants came from a single clinical center. Sleep EEG was processed to extract spectral band powers, spindles, slow oscillations (SO, 0.5-1\u00a0Hz), spindle-SO coupling, brain age index (BAI), alpha-delta patterns, and infraslow oscillation relative band power (ISO, 0.005-0.03\u00a0Hz).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to HC, LC had higher SO power during wake before sleep and REM sleep. In N2 and N3, LC showed a faster within-spindle frequency drop (chirp) and shorter SO peak duration in the frontal region. LC showed widespread, early spindle-SO coupling phase at SO trough for both fast and slow spindles, with early fast spindle-SO coupling associated with worse sleep quality. ME\/CFS shared some differences with LC but had higher SO-uncoupled slow spindle densities in frontal and central regions, more alpha-delta patterns in the first half of the night, and widespread elevated ISO power in the slow sigma band (11-13\u00a0Hz).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that LC and ME\/CFS are associated with plausibly pathological sleep EEG microstructure changes, illuminating the pathobiology of post-infectious processes on brain activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial information<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trial 1: Sleep and Inflammatory Resolution Pathway, https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03377543, NCT03377543.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial 2: Pain in Long COVID-19: the Role of Sleep, https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05606211, NCT05606211.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Statement of Significance People with long COVID (LC) frequently experience sleep disturbances, non-restorative sleep, and fatigue. Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) microstructures may offer objective markers of subjective sleep quality in LC. Here, we present an in-lab facility-measured sleep study. LC participants exhibited abnormally early spindle-slow oscillation (SO) coupling phase at the trough of the SO, and a faster drop in within-spindle frequency. The abnormally early spindle-SO coupling phase in LC was correlated with worse subjective sleep quality. Similar differences in EEG microstructural patterns were found in people with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome as well. The results demonstrate candidate electrophysiological abnormalities associated with the fatigue and non-restorative sleep experienced in LC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:52:40Z","timestamp":1776858760000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Facility-measured sleep electroencephalographic microstructures in long COVID"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5041-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA 02215 ,","place":["United 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