{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:46:19Z","timestamp":1791870379716,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201500003I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201500003I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01HC95169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01HC95169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Sleep Ancillary studies","award":["NIH-NHLBI R01HL098433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-NHLBI R01HL098433"]}]},{"name":"Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Sleep Ancillary studies","award":["NIH-NIA 5R01AG070867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-NIA 5R01AG070867"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep is critical for maintaining overall brain health and may influence the trajectory of cognitive impairment. Using a multidimensional conceptualization of sleep, we hypothesized that data-derived multidimensional sleep composites would be associated with cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from four examinations (2010\u20132024) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between multimodal sleep and cognition. Multidimensional sleep composites were derived from 39 objective and subjective sleep variables using principal components analysis. Cognition was measured using a global cognition composite (GCC), a standardization of total scores across Digit Symbol Coding, Digit Span, and Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument. Linear regression analyzed cross-sectional associations between sleep composites and cognition, and linear mixed-effects models examined associations with within-person cognitive change over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In cross-sectional analyses of 1628 participants (mean age 68.0; 54.9% female), 13 sleep composites explained about 71% of the sample\u2019s variance. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, five sleep composites were associated with GCC cross-sectionally: (1) electroencephalography (EEG) power spectral density [\u00df (per standard deviation)\u2009=\u20090.065; 95% CI 0.03\u20130.10], (2) actigraphy based sleep continuity (\u00df\u2009=\u20090.049; 0.01\u20130.08), (3) spindle density (\u00df\u2009=\u20090.052; 0.02\u20130.09), (4) spindle-slow oscillation coupling (\u00df\u2009=\u20090.050; 0.01\u20130.09), and (5) rapid eye movement sleep (\u00df\u2009=\u20090.047; 95% CI 0.01\u20130.08). In the longitudinal analysis, actigraphy based sleep continuity and variability were associated with cognitive decline, although significance decreased after multiple comparison adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EEG-based sleep microstructure and actigraphy-based sleep continuity were associated with cognitive performance cross-sectionally, while actigraphy-based sleep continuity was associated with cognition longitudinally. These findings support a multidimensional framework for understanding sleep-related risk factors for cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:55:36Z","timestamp":1783684536000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between multi-dimensional sleep composites and cognition in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Paquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan I","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarvis T","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Kozhemiako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin S","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Castro-Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Sofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M","family":"Bertisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6585-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Redline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372326","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1372326","article-title":"Associations of sleep disorders with all-cause MCI\/dementia and different types of dementia \u2013 clinical evidence, potential pathomechanisms and treatment options: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw032","article-title":"Sleep, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Bubu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230933","article-title":"Sleep biomarkers for predicting cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"97","author":"Carpi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.002","article-title":"Candidate mechanisms underlying the association between sleep-wake disruptions and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Cedernaes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101301114376300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031168","article-title":"Is sleep disruption a cause or consequence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Reviewing its possible role as a biomarker","volume":"21","author":"Lloret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101301114376300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216002131","article-title":"Sleep disturbance: an emerging opportunity for Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevention?","volume":"29","author":"Spira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026101301114376300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6315","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0503-19.2019","article-title":"Sleep as a potential biomarker of tau and \u03b2-amyloid burden in the human brain","volume":"39","author":"Winer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101301114376300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321896","article-title":"Sleep problems and risk of all-cause cognitive decline or dementia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3298","article-title":"Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter?","volume":"37","author":"Buysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101301114376300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad048","article-title":"Multi-dimensional sleep and mortality: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55211","DOI":"10.2196\/55211","article-title":"Association of rest-activity rhythm and risk of developing dementia or mild cognitive impairment in the middle-aged and older population: prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Haghayegh","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101301114376300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4719","article-title":"Circadian rest-activity pattern changes in aging and preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"75","author":"Musiek","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"OCT","key":"2026101301114376300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469760","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2019.00778\/BIBTEX","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence for a role of rest-activity rhythms in dementia","volume":"10","author":"Smagula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101301114376300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529908998724","article-title":"Bright light therapy: improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods","volume":"16","author":"Van Someren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00964-y","article-title":"Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.020","article-title":"Old brains come uncoupled in sleep: slow wave-spindle synchrony, brain atrophy, and forgetting","volume":"97","author":"Helfrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202215","article-title":"Slow wave sleep and EEG delta spectral power are associated with cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Wood","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROBIOLAGING.2014.09.009","article-title":"Sleep spindles in Parkinson\u2019s disease may predict the development of dementia","volume":"36","author":"Latreille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Insomnia heterogeneity: characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping","volume":"36","author":"Benjamins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66407-2","article-title":"Circadian rhythm profiles derived from accelerometer measures of the sleep-wake cycle in two cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Vidil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.07.034","article-title":"Data-driven cluster analysis of insomnia disorder with physiology-based qEEG variables","author":"McCloskey","year":"2019"},{"issue":"521","key":"2026101301114376300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1330202","article-title":"Variable selection for skewed model-based clustering: application to the identification of novel sleep phenotypes","volume":"113","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2065","key":"2026101301114376300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150202","DOI":"10.1098\/RSTA.2015.0202","article-title":"Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments","volume":"374","author":"Jollife","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc A"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101301114376300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWF113","article-title":"Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design","volume":"156","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101301114376300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.09.001","article-title":"The multiethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4732","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101301114376300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/ZSAF074","article-title":"Mapping the relationships between structural brain MRI characteristics and sleep electroencephalography patterns: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Kozhemiako","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90523-5","article-title":"Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Witting","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/32.2.150","article-title":"The new AASM criteria for scoring hypopneas: impact on the apnea hypopnea index","volume":"32","author":"Ruehland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101301114376300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHY624","article-title":"The hypoxic burden of sleep apnoea predicts cardiovascular disease-related mortality: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study and the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"40","author":"Azarbarzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.15.2.137","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref33"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101301114376300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.01.003","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates of cognition in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"23","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001602","article-title":"The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia","volume":"6","author":"Teng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref36","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)","author":"Wechsler","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119513469","volume-title":"Applied Longitudinal Analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101301114376300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200237","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202200237","article-title":"Circadian rhythm changes in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Keihani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101301114376300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SLEEP.2015.03.012","article-title":"Associations of the 24-h activity rhythm and sleep with cognition: a population-based study of middle-aged and elderly persons","volume":"16","author":"Luik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614556680","article-title":"Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research","volume":"10","author":"Scullin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101301114376300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70172-3","article-title":"Connections between sleep and cognition in older adults","volume":"13","author":"Yaffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101301114376300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01258-2","article-title":"Sleep-related changes prior to cognitive dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"P\u00e9rez-Carbonell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101301114376300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03731.x","article-title":"Associations between sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing and cognition in older community-dwelling men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study","volume":"59","author":"Blackwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00255","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep, sleep continuity and slow wave sleep as predictors of cognition, mood, and subjective sleep quality in healthy men and women, aged 20-84 years","volume":"9","author":"Della Monica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12108","article-title":"Sleep spindles and rapid eye movement sleep as predictors of next morning cognitive performance in healthy middle-aged and older participants","volume":"23","author":"Lafortune","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101301114376300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2510","article-title":"Orexinergic system dysregulation, sleep impairment, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease","volume":"71","author":"Liguori","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101301114376300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4500","article-title":"Relationships between sleep stages and changes in cognitive function in older men: the MrOS Sleep Study","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101301114376300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-018-0131-6","article-title":"Dynamic contributions of slow wave sleep and REM sleep to cognitive longevity","volume":"4","author":"Scullin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.22.26344642","article-title":"REM sleep is associated with cognition and biomarkers longitudinally in older adults across the Alzheimer disease continuum","author":"Manriquez","year":"2026","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.02.037","article-title":"Dissociable learning-dependent changes in REM and non-REM sleep in declarative and procedural memory systems","volume":"180","author":"Fogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101301114376300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1002\/HBM.25893","article-title":"Spindle\u2013slow oscillation coupling correlates with memory performance and connectivity changes in a hippocampal network after sleep","volume":"43","author":"Bastian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1152\/PHYSREV.00042.2018","article-title":"Sleep spindles: mechanisms and functions","volume":"100","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-018-36557-Z","article-title":"Precise slow oscillation\u2013spindle coupling promotes memory consolidation in younger and older adults","volume":"9","author":"Muehlroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101301114376300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.3562","article-title":"Associations of objectively and subjectively measured sleep quality with subsequent cognitive decline in older community-dwelling men: the MrOS Sleep Study","volume":"37","author":"Blackwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz037","article-title":"Associations of sleep characteristics with cognitive function and decline among older adults","volume":"188","author":"McSorley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101301114376300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6158","article-title":"Periodic limb movements in sleep are associated with greater cognitive decline in older men without dementia","volume":"39","author":"Leng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101301114376300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaf327","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf327","article-title":"Periodic limb movements during sleep, restless legs syndrome, and cognitive changes in older adults: a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"49","author":"Marchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101308","article-title":"Objective measurement of sleep in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"D\u2019Rozario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101301114376300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15930","article-title":"Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource","volume":"8","author":"Purcell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101301114376300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120319","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2023.120319","article-title":"Multivariate prediction of cognitive performance from the sleep electroencephalogram","volume":"279","author":"Ujma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/ZSY057","article-title":"Agreement between self-reported and objectively measured sleep duration among white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults in the United States: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101301114376300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/ZSZ246","article-title":"Concordance between self-reported and actigraphy-assessed sleep duration among African-American adults: findings from the Jackson Heart Sleep Study","volume":"43","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101301114376300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsag040","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag040","article-title":"How many nights are needed? The short-term stability of intraindividual variability in sleep parameters derived from accelerometry data in a cohort of normal sleepers","volume":"49","author":"Leota","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep."}],"container-title":["SLEEP"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsag187\/68760850\/zsag187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/10\/zsag187\/68760850\/zsag187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/49\/10\/zsag187\/68760850\/zsag187.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:11:47Z","timestamp":1791868307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsag187\/8732766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsag187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"article-number":"zsag187"}}