{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:12:23Z","timestamp":1789661543072,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep alternates between two states\u2014phasic and tonic\u2014defined by the presence or absence of transient neurophysiological events such as REMs. These states exhibit distinct neural activity and putative underlying function, yet their evolution along with aging remains unknown. Retrospective polysomnographic data from 627 healthy participants (290 females and 337 males), aged 18\u201380\u00a0years and drawn from five databases, were analyzed to characterize age- and sex-related changes in the REM sleep microstructure. REM sleep macrostructure declined with age, paralleled by a reduction in phasic REM duration. In addition, the proportion of phasic REM sleep as well as the number and density of eye movements decreased with advancing age. We found sex-related differences in these trajectories, with a steeper decline in phasic REM percentage and REM density in women. Spectral analyses mainly confirmed previously reported differences in power between phasic and tonic states and further revealed differential age-related changes, i.e. while spectral power in tonic REM increased in higher frequency bands, phasic REM exhibited a progressive slowing of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity across the lifespan. This large-scale, multicohort analysis provides a comprehensive characterization of REM sleep microstructure across aging and between sexes in healthy participants, constituting an important step toward its potential as a biomarker candidate in psychopathological and neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Statement of Significance Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep alternates between phasic and tonic states, which differ in neural activity and are thought to support distinct functions. However, how these states evolve across the human lifespan remains largely unknown. Using a large multicohort dataset of 627 healthy individuals, we show that aging is associated with a reduction in phasic REM sleep, reflected by decreases in phasic REM percentage and REM density. These declines were steeper in women than in men. Spectral analyses further revealed a slowing of electroencephalographic activity occurring specifically in phasic REM sleep. Together, these findings provide a large-scale characterization of age- and sex-related trajectories of REM sleep microstructure, highlighting changes distinct from global sleep architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1785498297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age and sex-related changes in the human rapid eye movement sleep microstructure"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1474-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Bertin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC , 38000 Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Jeanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP\/PC2S , 38000 Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bourgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC , 38000 Grenoble ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP\/PC2S , 38000 Grenoble ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Leoncini-Janin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. 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