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We examined cross-sectional associations between objectively estimated siesta characteristics and body composition in two populations across two continents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Actigraphy-derived siesta timing (clock time and relative to wake\/bedtime), duration, and frequency from 90 adults in the Spanish ONTIME Study (NCT02829619) and 69 adults in the US SHIFT Study (NCT02997319) were analyzed. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, and muscle mass percentage. Associations were assessed using adjusted linear and logistic models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the ONTIME Study (52\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u00a0years, 91% women), each 1-hour later siesta start time was associated with lower BMI (\u03b2(SE)\u2009=\u2009\u22120.044(0.012) log(kg\/m2), p\u2009=\u2009.0003), body fat (\u03b2(SE)\u2009=\u2009\u22120.031(0.011)log(%), p\u2009=\u2009.014), waist circumference (\u03b2(SE)\u2009=\u22120.026(0.012)log(cm), p\u2009=\u2009.009), and higher muscle mass in women (\u03b2(SE)\u2009=\u20090.019(0.006)log(%), p\u2009=\u2009.005). Participants with late siestas (16:12\u201317:42\u00a0h) had ~3.94\u00a0kg\/m2 lower BMI vs. early siestas (14:24\u201315:42), as assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA p\u00a0=\u2009.017). Longer siesta duration was associated with 3.98 higher odds of overweight\/obesity (95% CI:1.12\u201314.18, p\u00a0=\u2009.033), while higher siesta frequency (days\/week) trended toward lower body fat and higher muscle mass (p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.1). Analyses in the independent SHIFT Study (30\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u00a0years, 72.5% women) were directionally consistent but not statistically significant. Fixed-effect meta-analysis combining both cohorts (n\u00a0=\u2009159) identified significant associations between later siesta start time and lower BMI, lower body fat percentage, lower waist circumference, and higher muscle mass percentage (all p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Later siesta timing is associated with lower adiposity and higher muscle mass. Objective multidimensional assessment of siesta may help identify behavioral patterns associated with body composition and inform future intervention studies on weight management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Information<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meal Timing, Genetics and Weight Loss (ONTIME); https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02829619; NCT02829619. Shift Work, Heredity, Insulin, and Food Timing Study (SHIFT); https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02997319; NCT02997319.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:47:41Z","timestamp":1786535261000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nap timing matters: later siesta associates with increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass in Spain and the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9877-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Murcia , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Nutrition Group of Research, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla\u2013IMIB , 30120 Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute , Cambridge, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2014-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank A J L","family":"Scheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute , Cambridge, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan S","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute , Cambridge, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garaulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Murcia , Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Nutrition Group of Research, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla\u2013IMIB , 30120 Murcia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092314093024100_ref1","author":"Definition of \u201csiesta\u201d"},{"key":"2026092314093024100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2210-9_6","volume-title":"Why We Nap: Evolution, Chronobiology, and Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep","author":"Campbell","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026092314093024100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.09.002","article-title":"Napping: a public health issue. 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