{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:33:30Z","timestamp":1790217210923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T07:59:35Z","timestamp":1503647975000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An Objective Short Sleep Insomnia Disorder Subtype Is Associated With Reduced Brain Metabolite Concentrations In Vivo: A Preliminary Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2936-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline D","family":"Rae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon J","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela L","family":"D\u2019Rozario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon D","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin A","family":"Espie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald R","family":"Grunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delwyn J","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.05.002","article-title":"Hyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.1999.0074","article-title":"Insomnia and daytime functioning","volume":"4","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.004","article-title":"Insomnia and health-related quality of life","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.09.005","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000292","article-title":"The insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: an update on its importance for health and prevention","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6230","article-title":"Clusters of insomnia disorder: an exploratory cluster analysis of objective sleep parameters reveals differences in neurocognitive functioning, quantitative EEG, and heart rate variability","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6","article-title":"The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156771","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with insomnia: a repeated measurement study","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1499","article-title":"Reduced brain GABA in primary insomnia: preliminary data from 4T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1854","article-title":"The role of GABA in primary insomnia","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3654","article-title":"Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in posttraumatic stress disorder and their relationships to self-reported sleep quality","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.4","article-title":"Reduced \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in occipital and anterior cingulate cortices in primary insomnia: a link to major depressive disorder?","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1880","article-title":"Cortical GABA levels in primary insomnia","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2530","article-title":"Energetic and cell membrane metabolic products in patients with primary insomnia: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 4 Tesla","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.2.197","article-title":"Efficacy of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neurological diagnosis and neurotherapeutic decision making","volume":"2","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2015.08.010","article-title":"Creatine as a booster for human brain function. How might it work?","volume":"89","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.08.004","article-title":"Hippocampal area metabolites relate to severity and cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02244.x","article-title":"A 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.57","article-title":"Dynamic changes in brain bioenergetics during obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0020","first-page":"367","article-title":"Utilization of glutamine and of TCA cycle constituents as precursors for transmitter glutamate and GABA","volume":"15","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0021","first-page":"165","article-title":"Glutamine and glutamate as precursors of the releasable pool of GABA in brain cortex slices","volume":"10","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.003","article-title":"The acute and late CNS glutamine response to benzodiazepine challenge: a pilot pharmacokinetic study using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"184","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.39","article-title":"The relationship between aberrant neuronal activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate, altered glutamatergic metabolism, and anhedonia in major depression","volume":"66","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1199-5","article-title":"A guide to the metabolic pathways and function of metabolites observed in human brain H-1 magnetic resonance spectra","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2009.12.002","article-title":"Field strength dependence of PRESS timings for simultaneous detection of glutamate and glutamine from 1.5 to 7T","volume":"203","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"issue":"22","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318294b3f6","article-title":"Thalamic glutamate\/glutamine in restless legs syndrome: increased and related to disturbed sleep","volume":"80","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.007","article-title":"Glutamate microinjection at the medial preoptic area enhances slow wave sleep in rats","volume":"217","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90125-5","article-title":"Riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, enhances slow wave and REM sleep in rats","volume":"88","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3492","article-title":"Increased use-dependent plasticity in chronic insomnia","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0405-0","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies in insomnia","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0031","article-title":"Going for glutamine: evaluation of asymmetric PRESS approaches","volume":"20: 1753","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0032","volume-title":"Insomnia: A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Assessment and Treatment","year":"2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5152","article-title":"Short- and long-term sleep stability in insomniacs and healthy controls","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0035","volume-title":"Chapter 16: Cluster Analysis. PASW Statistics 18 Statistical Procedures Companion","year":"2010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0036","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology, and Technical Specification","year":"2007","edition":"1"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.8.1567","article-title":"Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group","volume":"27","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0038","volume-title":"Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories","volume":"33","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.4.376","article-title":"Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27030","article-title":"The Flinders Fatigue Scale: preliminary psychometric properties and clinical sensitivity of a new scale for measuring daytime fatigue associated with insomnia","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1547","article-title":"Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS): validation of a brief version (DBAS-16)","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.285","article-title":"Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal","volume":"27","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.2126","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia","volume":"161","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2794","article-title":"Increased rostral anterior cingulate cortex volume in chronic primary insomnia","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0527-3","article-title":"Neuroimaging insights into insomnia","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26592","article-title":"Regional cerebral metabolic correlates of WASO during NREM sleep in insomnia","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0048","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.891","article-title":"Issues of spectral quality in clinical 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a gallery of artifacts","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.895","article-title":"Time-domain semi-parametric estimation based on a metabolite basis set","volume":"18","year":"2005","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain metabolites","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(03)00181-4","article-title":"Metabolite ratios to assumed stable creatine level may confound the quantification of proton brain MR spectroscopy","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20901","article-title":"Use of tissue water as a concentration reference for proton spectroscopic imaging","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","article-title":"Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1040","article-title":"Accurate, robust, and automated longitudinal and cross-sectional brain change analysis","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0057","first-page":"S208","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23(","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0058","volume-title":"Applied MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0059","volume-title":"Performing Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10063","article-title":"Biexponential transverse relaxation (T(2)) of the proton MRS creatine resonance in human brain","volume":"47","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171115110730_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21996","article-title":"Diurnal stability of gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in visual and sensorimotor cortex","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"}],"container-title":["Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/40\/11\/zsx148\/21785098\/zsx148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T07:45:35Z","timestamp":1602834335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx148\/4093919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx148","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]}}}