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Our aim was to examine sleep architecture and electroencephalographic markers\u2014with a specific focus on state transitions\u2014related to sleep regulation and hyperarousal in participants with frequent nightmares (NM participants) versus healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthy controls and NM participants spent two consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. Second night spectral power during NREM to REM sleep (pre-REM) and REM to NREM (post-REM) transitions as well as during NREM and REM periods were evaluated for 22 NM participants compared to 22 healthy controls with a similar distribution of age, gender, and dream recall frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found significant differences between the groups in the pre-REM to post-REM changes in low- and high-frequency domains. NM participants experienced a lower amount of slow-wave sleep and showed increased beta and gamma power during NREM and pre-REM periods. No difference was present during REM and post-REM phases. Furthermore, while increased pre-REM high-frequency power seems to be mainly driven by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom intensity, decreased low-frequency activity occurred regardless of PTSD symptom severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that NM participants had increased high-frequency spectral power during NREM and pre-REM periods, as well as relatively reduced slow frequency and increased fast frequency spectral power across pre-and post-REM periods. This combination of reduced sleep-protective activity and increased hyperarousal suggests an imbalance between sleep regulatory and wake-promoting systems in NM participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T21:08:18Z","timestamp":1569532098000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cortical hyperarousal in NREM sleep normalizes from pre- to post- REM periods in individuals with frequent nightmares"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Borb\u00e1la","family":"Blaskovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 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