{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:49:29Z","timestamp":1790858969486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_146643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_146643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_176323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_176323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20NA21_145929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20NA21_145929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17864.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17864.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microsleep episodes (MSEs) are brief episodes of sleep, mostly defined to be shorter than 15 s. In the electroencephalogram (EEG), MSEs are mainly characterized by a slowing in frequency. The identification of early signs of sleepiness and sleep (e.g. MSEs) is of considerable clinical and practical relevance. Under laboratory conditions, the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) is often used for assessing vigilance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed MWT recordings of 76 patients referred to the Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center. MSEs were scored by experts defined by the occurrence of theta dominance on \u22651 occipital derivation lasting 1\u201315 s, whereas the eyes were at least 80% closed. We calculated spectrograms using an autoregressive model of order 16 of 1 s epochs moved in 200 ms steps in order to visualize oscillatory activity and derived seven features per derivation: power in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands, ratio theta\/(alpha + beta), quantified eye movements, and median frequency. Three algorithms were used for MSE classification: support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and an artificial neural network (long short-term memory [LSTM] network). Data of 53 patients were used for the training of the classifiers, and 23 for testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSEs were identified with a high performance (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient). Training revealed that delta power and the ratio theta\/(alpha + beta) were most relevant features for the RF classifier and eye movements for the LSTM network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The automatic detection of MSEs was successful for our EEG-based definition of MSEs, with good performance of all algorithms applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T03:01:43Z","timestamp":1569553303000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Automatic detection of microsleep episodes with feature-based machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1288-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Skorucak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Hertig-Godeschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R","family":"Schreier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Spital STS AG Thun, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Malafeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Mathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"The KEY Institute for Brain\u2011Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.008","article-title":"Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among U.S. adults from 2002 to 2012","volume":"16","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0068-2","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and falls among older men and women: cross-sectional examination of a population-based sample","volume":"15","author":"Hayley","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.09.009","article-title":"Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and associated factors in a Brazilian community: the Bambu\u00ed study","volume":"5","author":"Hara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0004","first-page":"12","article-title":"Epidemiology of daytime sleepiness: definitions, symptomatology, and prevalence","volume":"65 Suppl 16","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"issue":"15-16","key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0005","first-page":"214","article-title":"Sleepiness and vigilance tests","volume":"139","author":"Mathis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly."},{"key":"2020011304235772300_CIT0006","unstructured":"Akerstedt T , et al Sleepiness at the wheel - 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