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Studies of disease mechanisms in females therefore lack critical information regarding estrous cycle influences on relevant sleep characteristics. We recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from multiple brain regions to assess sleep states as well as sleep traits such as spectral power and interregional spectral coherence in freely cycling females across the estrous cycle and compared with males. Our findings show that the high hormone phase of proestrus decreases the amount of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increases the amount of time spent awake compared with other estrous phases and to males. This spontaneous sleep deprivation of proestrus was followed by a sleep rebound in estrus which increased NREM and REM sleep. In proestrus, spectral power increased in the delta (0.5\u20134 Hz) and the gamma (30\u201360 Hz) ranges during NREM sleep, and increased in the theta range (5\u20139 Hz) during REM sleep during both proestrus and estrus. Slow-wave activity (SWA) and cortical sleep spindle density also increased in NREM sleep during proestrus. Finally, interregional NREM and REM spectral coherence increased during proestrus. This work demonstrates that the estrous cycle affects more facets of sleep than previously thought and reveals both sex differences in features of the sleep\u2013wake cycle related to estrous phase that likely impact the myriad physiological processes influenced by sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T07:43:06Z","timestamp":1575272586000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Sex differences within sleep in gonadally intact rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Swift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Integrative Physiology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Keus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 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