{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:08:42Z","timestamp":1792786122664,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"VA Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service Career Development","award":["BX004905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sleep\u2013wake scoring is a time-consuming, tedious but essential component of clinical and preclinical sleep research. Sleep scoring is even more laborious and challenging in rodents due to the smaller EEG amplitude differences between states and the rapid state transitions which necessitate scoring in shorter epochs. Although many automated rodent sleep scoring methods exist, they do not perform as well when scoring new datasets, especially those which involve changes in the EEG\/EMG profile. Thus, manual scoring by expert scorers remains the gold standard. Here we take a different approach to this problem by using a neural network to accelerate the scoring of expert scorers. Sleep-Deep-Learner creates a bespoke deep convolution neural network model for individual electroencephalographic or local-field-potential (LFP) records via transfer learning of GoogLeNet, by learning from a small subset of manual scores of each EEG\/LFP record as provided by the end-user. Sleep-Deep-Learner then automates scoring of the remainder of the EEG\/LFP record. A novel REM sleep scoring correction procedure further enhanced accuracy. Sleep-Deep-Learner reliably scores EEG and LFP data and retains sleep\u2013wake architecture in wild-type mice, in sleep induced by the hypnotic zolpidem, in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in a genetic knock-down study, when compared to manual scoring. Sleep-Deep-Learner reduced manual scoring time to 1\/12. Since Sleep-Deep-Learner uses transfer learning on each independent recording, it is not biased by previously scored existing datasets. Thus, we find Sleep-Deep-Learner performs well when used on signals altered by a drug, disease model, or genetic modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpae022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T09:17:11Z","timestamp":1712222231000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sleep-Deep-Learner is taught sleep\u2013wake scoring by the end-user to complete each record in their style"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1411-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumi","family":"Katsuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School , West Roxbury, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan J","family":"Spratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School , West Roxbury, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritchie E","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School , West Roxbury, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Basheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School , West Roxbury, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School , West Roxbury, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024041815380006600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(57)90088-3","article-title":"Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming","volume":"9","author":"Dement","year":"1957","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024041815380006600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2011","article-title":"Control of sleep and wakefulness","volume":"92","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol 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