{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:02:39Z","timestamp":1771340559983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"NASA Human Research Program"},{"name":"Human Factors and Behavioral Health Element"},{"name":"San Jos\u00e9 State University Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic sleep loss is widespread and can cause deficits in vigilant attention. There are few practical biomarkers that can be used to assess the impact of chronic sleep loss on alertness and performance. Those that are available, such as tests of vigilant attention, cannot discriminate chronic sleep loss from other impairments, like alcohol intoxication, limiting the use of such tools. We aimed to test whether a suite of behavioral oculometrics would be sensitive, and perhaps specific, to chronic sleep restriction (CSR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over study to compare behavioral oculometrics following a week of 5\u00a0h of time in bed versus 9\u00a0h of time in bed. Each experimental week was preceded by a washout week of 9\u00a0h nightly time in bed. Participants completed a visual tracking task every 2\u00a0h that allowed us to evaluate behavioral oculometrics associated with visual motion processing, pursuit, and saccade behavior. We used mixed-effects models to compare outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve participants completed the 4-week study (6 female). We observed modest decrements in pursuit and tracking smoothness, and maladaptive saccadic behavior, where the rate of saccades increased during CSR, with an apparently compensatory decrease in catch-up saccade amplitude. Visual motion processing of direction, but not speed, was altered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eye movements are a sensitive measure that can detect sensory and motor impairments from 1 week of 5\u00a0h of CSR, potentially distinguishable from those due to other causes, and thus may be a useful biomarker for identifying the source of impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T12:45:30Z","timestamp":1769777130000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic sleep restriction induces oculomotor impairment with inadequate compensation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Erin E","family":"Flynn-Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence L","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visuomotor Control Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Costedoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San Jos\u00e9 State University , Moffett Field, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San Jos\u00e9 State University , Moffett Field, CA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Business, Menlo College , Atherton, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leland S","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visuomotor Control Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E53","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.220400","article-title":"Prevalence and geographic patterns of self-reported short sleep duration among US adults, 2020","volume":"20","author":"Pankowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.x","article-title":"Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study","volume":"12","author":"Belenky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.2.117","article-title":"The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation","volume":"26","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021709013239200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.8.1013","article-title":"Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery","volume":"33","author":"Banks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021709013239200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26918","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction","volume":"3","author":"Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92914-5","article-title":"Supervision of a self-driving vehicle unmasks latent sleepiness relative to manually controlled driving","volume":"11","author":"Flynn-Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00008-7","article-title":"Oculomotor impairment during chronic partial sleep deprivation","volume":"114","author":"Russo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021709013239200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126502","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126502","article-title":"Different types of errors in saccadic task are sensitive to either time of day or chronic sleep restriction","volume":"10","author":"Wachowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510383112","article-title":"High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20588-7","article-title":"Stationary gaze entropy predicts lane departure events in sleep-deprived drivers","volume":"8","author":"Shiferaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3758\/Bf03200977","article-title":"Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual rt task during sustained operations","volume":"17","author":"Dinges","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021709013239200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.3.423","article-title":"Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability","volume":"27","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/5.s2.s67","article-title":"The multiple sleep latency test: what does it measure?","volume":"5","author":"Carskadon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90142-0","article-title":"Maintenance of wakefulness test: a polysomnographic technique for evaluation treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence","volume":"53","author":"Mitler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"2026021709013239200_ref15","first-page":"C104","article-title":"Oculomotor responses during partial and total sleep deprivation","volume":"76","author":"Rowland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021709013239200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.507902","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation on oculomotor responses","volume":"35","author":"Goldich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026021709013239200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00393-x","article-title":"Oculomotor impairment after 1 night of total sleep deprivation: a dissociation between measures of speed and accuracy","volume":"111","author":"De Gennaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9384(01)00551-0","article-title":"Visual search performance across 40 h of continuous wakefulness: measures of speed and accuracy and relation with oculomotor performance","volume":"74","author":"De Gennaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021709013239200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577606900706","article-title":"The influence of drugs and alcohol upon human eye movement","volume":"69","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026021709013239200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277779","article-title":"Distinct pattern of oculomotor impairment associated with acute sleep loss and circadian misalignment","volume":"597","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280395","article-title":"Dose-dependent sensorimotor impairment in human ocular tracking after acute low-dose alcohol administration","volume":"599","author":"Tyson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref24","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref25","volume-title":"Manual for the State\u2014Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref26","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref27","volume-title":"SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring and Procedure Manual\u2013II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1983.","author":"Derogatis"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref28","article-title":"MMPI\u20112\u2011RF Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation","author":"Ben\u2011Porath"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1961.sp006811","article-title":"The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements","volume":"159","author":"Rashbass","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021709013239200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1167\/3.11.16","article-title":"Human discrimination of visual direction of motion with and without smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"3","author":"Krukowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.01.005","article-title":"Expansion of direction space around the cardinal axes revealed by smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"45","author":"Krukowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021709013239200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(97)00276-9","article-title":"Human motion perception and smooth eye movements show similar directional biases for elongated apertures","volume":"38","author":"Beutter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2258918","article-title":"Saccade detection during smooth tracking","volume":"34","author":"Liston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Displays."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-06-01662.1985","article-title":"Properties of visual inputs that initiate horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys","volume":"5","author":"Lisberger","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1986.56.4.953","article-title":"Visual motion processing for the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements in humans","volume":"56","author":"Tychsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363977","article-title":"A model of the smooth pursuit eye movement system","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026021709013239200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(96)00332-x","article-title":"Development of smooth pursuit tracking in young infants","volume":"37","author":"von Hofsten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(75)90075-9","article-title":"The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements","volume":"24","author":"Bahill","year":"1975","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00621.2001","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of catch-up saccades during sustained pursuit","volume":"87","author":"de Brouwer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026021709013239200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/14.14.12","article-title":"Oculometric assessment of dynamic visual processing","volume":"14","author":"Liston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026021709013239200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73a","DOI":"10.1167\/19.10.73a","article-title":"Differential effects of low-dose alcohol versus acute sleep deprivation on light-evoked pupil response dynamics","volume":"19","author":"Tyson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504628","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1504628","article-title":"Effects of binocularity and eye dominance on visually-driven ocular tracking","volume":"19","author":"Seyedmadani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-06-02224.1999","article-title":"Visual motion analysis for pursuit eye movements in area MT of macaque monkeys","volume":"19","author":"Lisberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-06-02331.1992","article-title":"Microstimulation in visual area MT: effects on direction discrimination performance","volume":"12","author":"Salzman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021709013239200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90076-8","article-title":"Probing visual cortical function with discrete chemical lesions","volume":"11","author":"Newsome","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.6.1967","article-title":"Activity of monkey frontal eye field neurons projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons","volume":"68","author":"Segraves","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021709013239200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(76)90154-1","article-title":"Pursuing the perceptual rather than the retinal stimulus","volume":"16","author":"Steinbach","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021709013239200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1068\/p2979","article-title":"Visual motion integration for perception and pursuit","volume":"29","author":"Stone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.2.604","article-title":"Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. II. Differentiation of retinal from extraretinal inputs","volume":"60","author":"Newsome","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021709013239200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00987.2001","article-title":"From following edges to pursuing objects","volume":"88","author":"Masson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6817","key":"2026021709013239200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/35051582","article-title":"Regulation of the gain of visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements by frontal cortex","volume":"409","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.013","article-title":"The neural basis of smooth-pursuit eye movements","volume":"15","author":"Thier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.95","article-title":"Smooth-pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field","volume":"1","author":"MacAvoy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228954","article-title":"Frontal eye field lesions impair predictive and visually-guided pursuit eye movements","volume":"86","author":"Keating","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021709013239200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228954","article-title":"Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"68","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0912-9","article-title":"The brainstem burst generator for saccadic eye movements: a modern synthesis","volume":"142","author":"Scudder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1718","key":"2026021709013239200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0205","article-title":"Neuronal control of fixation and fixational eye movements","volume":"372","author":"Krauzlis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.01.010","article-title":"Improving the saccade peak velocity measurement for detecting fatigue","volume":"187","author":"Hirvonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12755","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12755","article-title":"Saccadic eye movements estimate prolonged time awake","volume":"28","author":"Pettersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref63","volume-title":"Pupillary Light Reflex","author":"Belliveau","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636330","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.636330","article-title":"Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the human retina","volume":"12","author":"Mure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2018.08.001","article-title":"Melanopsin: photoreceptors, physiology and potential","volume":"5","author":"Palumaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physio"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.56801\/10.56801\/v8.i.435","article-title":"Impact of rank-based normalizing transformations on the accuracy of test scores","volume":"8","author":"Soloman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mod Appl Stat Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021709013239200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09256-0","article-title":"Surgeons' physical workload in open surgery versus robot-assisted surgery and nonsurgical tasks","volume":"36","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-4328(01)00297-2","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","article-title":"A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"4","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics","author":"Hedges","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref72","first-page":"22\u201323","volume-title":"Yarrr! The Pirate\u2019s Guide to R","author":"Phillips","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021709013239200_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235828","article-title":"The sleep-wake transition in the oculomotor system","volume":"54","author":"Henn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067722","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1067722","article-title":"Differential saccade-pursuit coordination under sleep loss and low-dose alcohol","volume":"16","author":"Tyson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.4.861","article-title":"Colliculoreticular organization in primate oculomotor system","volume":"40","author":"Raybourn","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2026021709013239200_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(96)00034-2","article-title":"The microscopic anatomy and physiology of the mammalian saccadic system","volume":"50","author":"Moschovakis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021709013239200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.01.005","article-title":"Target selection and the superior colliculus: goals, choices and hypotheses","volume":"44","author":"Krauzlis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021709013239200_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2008-18404","article-title":"Effects of 24-hour and 36-hour sleep deprivation on smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements","volume":"18","author":"Fransson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021709013239200_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186478","article-title":"Sleepiness, alertness and performance during a laboratory simulation of an acute shift of the wake-sleep cycle","volume":"41","author":"Porcu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ergonomics."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021709013239200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1167\/3.11.7","article-title":"Shared motion signals for human perceptual decisions and oculomotor actions","volume":"3","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90014-9","article-title":"Sensitivity of smooth eye movement to small differences in target velocity","volume":"27","author":"Kowler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-022-09898-9","article-title":"A systematic review on driver drowsiness detection using eye activity measures","volume":"12","author":"Kolus","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021709013239200_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad316","article-title":"Awake at the wheel: how auto technology innovations present ongoing sleep challenges and new safety opportunities","volume":"47","author":"Rosekind","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/23.6.1g","article-title":"Voluntary oculomotor performance upon awakening after total sleep deprivation","volume":"23","author":"Ferrara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021709013239200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2003.10.007","article-title":"Frontal cortical control of smooth-pursuit","volume":"13","author":"Fukushima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026021709013239200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpap.2023.100178","article-title":"Photoreceptor contributions to the human pupil light reflex","volume":"15","author":"Barrionuevo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol, A"}],"container-title":["SLEEP Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf095\/66640839\/zpaf095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/zpaf095\/66640839\/zpaf095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/zpaf095\/66640839\/zpaf095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:01:43Z","timestamp":1771336903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf095\/8445429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-5012"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-5012","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"zpaf095"}}