{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:31:15Z","timestamp":1786559475503,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensory stimulation during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been proposed as a method to induce lucidity, yet most approaches rely on distal sensory modalities such as light and sound. We explored whether bodily stimulation targeting the muscle and vestibular systems differentially influences dream incorporation and lucid awareness during REM sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>28 participants were assigned to electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) and completed a 2-week cognitive training protocol including dream journaling, reality checks, and association training, followed by two counterbalanced morning naps. One in the stimulation and one in the control condition, during which cues were delivered during REM sleep. Lucidity was assessed using external dream-report ratings and Dream Lucidity Questionnaire scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither EMS nor GVS significantly increased direct or indirect dream incorporation relative to Control. EMS did not significantly increase lucidity. In contrast, GVS was associated with higher externally rated lucidity and higher Dream Lucidity Questionnaire-7 scores than Control. Lucidity rates were high across EMS conditions, suggesting possible contributions of cognitive training, expectancy, and baseline lucid dream frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted stimulation of bodily systems during REM sleep may differentially influence dream experience. While somatosensory stimulation showed limited effects, vestibular stimulation was associated with increased lucid awareness despite minimal explicit incorporation into dream content. These findings suggest that modulation of bodily self-processing during REM sleep may influence reflective awareness independently of direct sensory incorporation. Non-invasive vestibular stimulation may therefore represent a promising approach for investigating mechanisms of lucid awareness during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Statement of Significance External stimulation during sleep is often assumed to promote lucid dreaming by becoming incorporated into dream content. This study suggests that this assumption may be incomplete. While muscle stimulation showed some incorporation without clear lucidity benefits, vestibular stimulation was associated with greater lucidity despite little explicit incorporation. These findings support the idea that different sensory systems may influence dreaming through distinct mechanisms, including effects on bodily self-processing and lucid awareness. It highlights vestibular stimulation as a promising direction for mechanistic lucid dream research and raises the broader question of whether dream incorporation is necessary for externally induced lucidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpag074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:53:12Z","timestamp":1783511592000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bodily stimulation during rapid eye movement sleep: effects of muscle and vestibular cueing on lucid dreaming"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3612-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Morath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Nussbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) , Winterthur ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Zulauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) , Winterthur ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kredel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Platform for Research, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dresler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Erlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science (ISPW), University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of lucid dreaming","volume":"100","author":"Baird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref2","volume-title":"Lucid Dreaming","author":"LaBerge"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref3","volume-title":"The New Science of Dreaming","author":"Windt"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262028677.001.0001","volume-title":"Dreaming: A Conceptual Framework for Philosophy of Mind and Empirical Research","author":"Windt","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813743-7.00019-0","volume-title":"Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience","author":"Dresler","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081214012715300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2023.01.008","article-title":"The effectiveness of lucid dreaming therapy in patients with nightmares: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Ouchene","year":"2023","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale."},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106011","article-title":"The clinical neuroscience of lucid dreaming","volume":"169","author":"Tzioridou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2010.2.6167","article-title":"An exploratory study of creative problem solving in lucid dreams: preliminary findings and methodological considerations","volume":"3","author":"Stumbrys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dream Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081214012715300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000209","article-title":"The effectiveness of lucid dreaming practice on waking task performance: a scoping review of evidence and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Bonamino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dreaming."},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2023.111066","article-title":"Extending mental practice to sleep: enhancing motor skills through lucid dreaming","volume":"174","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101908","article-title":"Influencing dreams through sensory stimulation: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Salvesen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref12","volume-title":"Dreams: Understanding Biology, Psychology, and Culture","author":"Solomonova"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081214012715300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/cns0000227","article-title":"Combining presleep cognitive training and REM-sleep stimulation in a laboratory morning nap for lucid dream induction","volume":"10","author":"Carr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Conscious Theory Res Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081214012715300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13786","article-title":"A systematic review of new empirical data on lucid dream induction techniques","volume":"32","author":"Tan","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081214012715300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.09.029","article-title":"Dreamed movement elicits activation in the sensorimotor cortex","volume":"21","author":"Dresler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081214012715300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2008.1.20","article-title":"Do REM (lucid) dreamed and executed actions share the same neural substrate?","volume":"1","author":"Erlacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dream Res"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref17","volume-title":"The Bridge Between Physical and Dreamed Body: From the Physiology Underlying Dream Engineering to Its Applications in Motor Practice","author":"Peters","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081214012715300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2025","article-title":"Hacking the functions of sleep: non-invasive approaches to stimulate sleep neurophysiology","volume":"106","author":"Krugliakova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref19","article-title":"A comparative study of muscular, vestibular, and haptic stimulation on dream incorporation","author":"Peters","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081214012715300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2014.1.13044","article-title":"Lucid dream induction by visual and tactile stimulation: an exploratory sleep laboratory study","volume":"7","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dream Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081214012715300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094325","article-title":"Flying dreams and lucidity: an empirical study of their relationship","volume":"1","author":"Barrett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dreaming."},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102958","article-title":"Flying dreams stimulated by an immersive virtual reality task","volume":"83","author":"Picard-Deland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081214012715300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac105","article-title":"Postural balance in frequent lucid dreamers: a replication attempt","volume":"45","author":"Picard-Deland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00031","article-title":"The vestibular system: a spatial reference for bodily self-consciousness","volume":"8","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081214012715300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812453116","article-title":"Optogenetic fMRI interrogation of brain-wide central vestibular pathways","volume":"116","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026081214012715300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.12.002","article-title":"The thalamocortical vestibular system in animals and humans","volume":"67","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref27","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology Tech Specif","author":"Iber","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref28","first-page":"3","article-title":"The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"52","author":"Klem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref29","author":"NeuroConn DC-STIMULATOR PLUS\u2014Neurocare Technology","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref30","volume-title":"RehaMove\u2014Funktionelle Elektrostimulation","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081214012715300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.08.005","article-title":"Testing the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in lucid dreaming: a tDCS study","volume":"22","author":"Stumbrys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01383","article-title":"Wake up, work on dreams, back to bed and lucid dream: a sleep laboratory study","volume":"11","author":"Erlacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102960","article-title":"Inducing signal-verified lucid dreams in 40% of untrained novice lucid dreamers within two nights in a sleep laboratory setting","volume":"83","author":"Appel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref34","author":"The jamovi project"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081214012715300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094442","article-title":"Vestibular dreams: the effect of rocking on dream mentation","volume":"6","author":"Leslie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dreaming."},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01746","article-title":"Findings from the international lucid dream induction study","volume":"11","author":"Adventure-Heart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195167085.003.0001","volume-title":"The Vestibular System: A Sixth Sense","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081214012715300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07647.x","article-title":"Alpha band oscillations correlate with illusory self-location induced by virtual reality","volume":"33","author":"Lenggenhager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref39","first-page":"89","article-title":"Therapeutic effectiveness and patient acceptance of a vestibular nerve activation intervention in chronic insomnia","volume":"54","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicamundi."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081214012715300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108547","article-title":"Out-of-body illusion induced by visual-vestibular stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2026.104002","article-title":"Facilitating unusual bodily experiences and out-of-body experiences across wakefulness and sleep: a high-density EEG and neurophenomenology study","volume":"139","author":"Campillo-Ferrer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref42","volume-title":"Lucid Dream Induction with Artificial Intelligence","author":"Pavlou","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081214012715300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101305","article-title":"The microstructure of REM sleep: why phasic and tonic?","volume":"52","author":"Simor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"}],"container-title":["SLEEP Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpag074\/68754515\/zpag074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article-pdf\/7\/3\/zpag074\/68754515\/zpag074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article-pdf\/7\/3\/zpag074\/68754515\/zpag074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1786557695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleepadvances\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpag074\/8731893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpag074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-5012"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-5012","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"zpag074"}}