{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T14:36:07Z","timestamp":1793025367714,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biochron LLC. Experimental sleep research","award":["BU, 55202665, PI: I.V.Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BU, 55202665, PI: I.V.Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is influenced by homeostatic and circadian processes, but why distinct REM episode-duration profiles\u2014bell-shaped, flattened, amplified, near-linear, and bimodal\u2014occur remains unresolved. The wave model of sleep dynamics treats REM sleep as a coherent sleep\u2013wake mixed state stabilized by resonance between sleep and wake probability waves near their homeostatic equilibrium region. Here we extend this framework by adding a circadian REM-promoting resonance anchored to biological time. REM duration was modeled as a compound resonance generated by two fixed curve shapes: a broad homeostatic resonance and a narrower Lorentzian circadian resonance. Only amplitude, reflecting prior-wake-dependent state instability, and relative phase alignment were varied. This constrained model reproduced REM-duration profiles during regular sleep, chronic sleep extension, and post-deprivation recovery. Baseline and recovery sleep followed a conserved empirical compound resonance curve, indicating preservation of the equilibrium\/resonance peak after acute sleep loss. The predicted high-instability extension and asymmetric REM profile provide a physiological estimate of accumulated sleep deficit as additional recovery time required to return toward the sleep\u2013wake equilibrium setpoint. Independent validation came from a 525-night longitudinal extended-sleep dataset, in which reduced resonance overlap predicted mid-sleep wake clustering and sleep-continuity instability. These findings identify REM episode duration as a quantitative marker of homeostatic\u2013circadian alignment, recovery need, and setpoint regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpag084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:06:36Z","timestamp":1785585996000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dual homeostatic and circadian resonance shapes REM episode duration"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8401-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V","family":"Zhdanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA, 02118 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasili","family":"Kharchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, 06269 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6523-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli , Caserta ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Wehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda, MD, 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2026090114114018900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03526.1995","article-title":"Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep 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