{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:29:55Z","timestamp":1774438195150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institutes for Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-ES025140-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-ES025140-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Fossil fuel companies hold enormous political, economic, and knowledge production power. Recently, industry operators have pivoted from pushing climate denialism to campaigns aimed at individualizing responsibility for climate crisis. In this paper, we focus on one related outcome of such efforts \u2013 people\u2019s experiences of complicity \u2013 here in the context of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) production. We ask: How do mobilized activists experience fossil fuel scapegoating, and what does it mean for their goals as they organize against UOG production? We show that even activists fighting UOG production feel complicit in fossil fuel production, and these feelings of complicity diminish their demands for UOG accountability. We argue that these outcomes have been especially pernicious in cultural contexts like that of the United States, where neoliberal ideologies are normalized, centering personal responsibility, individualization, and identification as consumers rather than citizens. We marshal an extensive qualitative dataset and advance a theory of complicity as a way to understand: a) how social movements intersect with neoliberalized patterns of life; b) how experiences of complicity affect activism; and c) how this may contribute to fossil fuel firms\u2019 goals of undercutting organizing. We end by examining how a sub-set of activists works to dismantle this complicity narrative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spac032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T19:34:22Z","timestamp":1654371262000},"page":"770-790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enforcing Hopelessness: Complicity, Dependence, and Organizing in Frontline Oil and Gas Communities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A","family":"Malin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan Elizabeth","family":"Kallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts , Boston USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e463","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.463","article-title":"\u201cResearching Climate Change and Community in Neoliberal Contexts: An Emerging Critical Approach","volume":"8","author":"Aiken","year":"2017","journal-title":"WIREs Climate Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17813\/maiq.13.2.cl74r52765281005","article-title":"\u201cThe Sequencing of Success: Organizing Templates and Neoliberal Policy Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Almeida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mobilization: An International Quarterly"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B3","volume-title":"Looking Behind the Label: Global Industries and the Conscientious Consumer","author":"Bartley","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716212451428","article-title":"The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation.","volume":"644","author":"Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0094306117714499","article-title":"Karl Polanyi in an Age of Uncertainty","volume":"46","author":"Block","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemporary Sociology"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B6","volume-title":"Acts of Resistance: Against the New Myths of Our Time","author":"Bourdieu","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B7","author":"Bourdieu","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-1018-7","article-title":"\u201cInstitutionalizing Delay: Foundation Funding and the Creation of U.S. Climate Change Counter-Movement Organizations","volume":"122","author":"Brulle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.17813\/maiq.10.2.q848h37832857t5j","article-title":"\u201cScholarship on Social Movement Organizations: Classic Views and Emerging Trends.\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Caniglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mobilization: An International Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3167\/ares.2010.010102","article-title":"Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment: A Synthesis and Evaluation of the Research","volume":"1","author":"Castree","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environment and Society"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B11","volume-title":"NGOization: Complicity, Contradictions and Prospects","author":"Choudry","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B12","volume-title":"A Consumers\u2019 Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America","author":"Cohen","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540507086422","article-title":"\u201cGreen Consumption: Life-Politics, Risk and Contradictions.\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Connolly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Culture"},{"key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B14","volume-title":"The Fragility of Things: Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Democratic Activism","author":"Connolly","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024072415505528300_spac032-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496517701249","article-title":"\u201cIs the Power of Brand-Focused Activism Rising? 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