{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:11:30Z","timestamp":1771564290297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Key Priority Discipline Project, Shanghai Spinal Disease and Trauma Orthopedics Research Center","award":["2022ZZ01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZ01014"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou City Science & Technology Program of China","award":["2024NY107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NY107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of cartilage tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for effective cartilage regeneration. This study aims to synthesize scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage (TEC) using articular chondrocytes (ACs), costal chondrocytes (CCs), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and synovial-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SDSCs) as seed cells, comparing their cartilage matrix production in vitro and repair capabilities in vivo to guide seed cell selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACs, CCs, BMSCs, and SDSCs were seeded at high density (4.0\u2009\u00d7\u2009105 cells\/cm2) in 24-well plates with 0.2\u2009mM Ascorbate 2-phosphate and cultured to form scaffold-free TEC. In vitro, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), biological analyses, and histochemical staining to assess structural characteristics and cartilage-related gene expression. In vivo, a rat model of knee cartilage defect was used to evaluate tissue repair capabilities, followed by histological assessments and statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro, ACs and CCs showed significantly higher GAG\/DNA ratios, with CCs exhibiting the highest chondrogenic gene expression. Histological analysis revealed AC and CC TECs were positive for Safranin-O, Alcian blue, and Col2 staining. In vivo, CC-derived TEC maintained a uniform distribution of Col2, while BMSCs and SDSCs primarily showed Col1 distribution, demonstrating better integration with cartilage and in situ differentiation by 12\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACs and CCs excelled in cartilage matrix synthesis; however, AC TEC exhibited phenotypic instability. CC TEC sustained a hyaline chondrocyte phenotype but had later connectivity issues, while BMSCs and SDSCs integrated better but primarily produced fibrous tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szaf057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T12:15:51Z","timestamp":1760530551000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative analysis of scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage derived from different seed cells:\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Department of Orthopedic Surgery, , Shanghai 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