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However, further investigations are needed to increase their efficacy. In this study, we tried to enhance targeting and recovery function of EVs using conjugation with integrin \u03b1V\u03b23 antagonist-c(RGDyk) peptide. The molecular mechanism of neuronal repair was investigated as a potential treatment for optic nerve injury. EVs were shown to restore effectively the abnormal regulations of neuronal markers in optic nerve injury models. Notably, the functionally optimized c(RGDyK)_EVs exhibited superior targeting capabilities and modulated neuroregeneration in cases of hypoxic damage and inflammation. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of R28 cells revealed significant regulation of transcription of genes involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) regeneration, neuronal growth, and inflammation by c(RGDyK)_EVs via the Yap-Taz signaling pathway. This study highlighted the enhanced therapeutic potential of c(RGDyK)_EVs over na\u00efve EVs in the context of optic nerve disease. The findings suggested that c(RGDyK)_EVs hold promise as an alternative therapy for optic nerve injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:45:21Z","timestamp":1769172321000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extracellular vesicles conjugated with c(RGDyk) peptide targeting integrin \u03b1V\u03b23 repair optic nerve injury through YAP\/TAZ and Smad2\/3 signaling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mira","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do , 13496,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ah","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do , 13488,","place":["Republic of 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