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Anthropogenic activities have shifted the amounts and forms of carbon and nitrogen within soils. Whilst access to carbon and nitrogen is essential for plant growth and microbial food webs, excess carbon and nitrogen can lead to pollution via leaching into groundwater and the release of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, contributing to global warming. In addition, changes in environmental conditions brought about by climate change, such as temperature increases, increased acidification of environments and shifts in soil moisture can also impact on microbial communities residing within soils leading again to shifts in biogeochemical cycling. Therefore, understanding the microbial communities associated with biogeochemical cycling is key to understanding healthy environments. This review summarises the known roles of the microbial community within biogeochemical cycling and the impacts on these communities from climate change. We also explore the additional opportunities for understanding impacts of climate change and future practices for sustainable agriculture via utilising soil bacteriophage within monitoring and their potential as biocontrol agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sumbio\/qvaf033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:02:28Z","timestamp":1765544548000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Soil microbiomes as sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. Challenges and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Caroline Hayley","family":"Orr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Horizons Centre, Teesside University , Darlington, DL1 1HG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austine Iyalekhue","family":"Otabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odunayo","family":"Olabimtan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiye","family":"Onaivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadlee","family":"Shehreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University , Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Horizons Centre, Teesside University , Darlington, DL1 1HG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7080","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2469","article-title":"Emissions of methane from northern peatlands: a review of management impacts and implications for future management options","volume":"6","author":"Abdalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9774054","DOI":"10.1155\/aess\/9774054","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobial Strains: implications for Agriculture","volume":"2024","author":"Ajayi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib3","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u2018Summary for policymakers\u2019, in Climate change 2021: the physical science basis","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Allan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53939","DOI":"10.3791\/53939-v","article-title":"Efficient Nucleic Acid Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Community Characterization","author":"Anahtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154294","article-title":"Impact of climate change-induced alterations in peatland vegetation phenology and composition on carbon balance","volume":"827","author":"Antala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-17-4173-2020","article-title":"Carbon\u2013concentration and carbon\u2013climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models","volume":"17","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120272","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emission in altered nitrogen cycle and implications for climate change","volume":"314","author":"Aryal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.58","article-title":"Microbial contributions to climate change through carbon cycle feedbacks","volume":"2","author":"Bardgett","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2025122403124782800_bib150_901_181725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12043","article-title":"Hierarchical responses of plant\u2013soil interactions to climate change: consequences for the global carbon cycle","volume":"101","author":"Bardgett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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