{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:24:20Z","timestamp":1773422660842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Social Work Seed Fund Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"The Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the high levels of social service usage by women who are sex trafficked. Fifty (N = 50) women who were sex trafficked were surveyed using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The ACEs score for respondents ranged from 2 to 10 with an average score of 7.4 (SD = 2.3). Emotional and sexual abuse tied at 88 percent as the most frequently cited ACEs among the women in this sample. The prevalence of ACEs was significantly higher in this sample compared with known estimates in similar populations, ranging from 20 percent to 54 percent (p &amp;lt; .001). Considering the well-established link between ACEs and poor health outcomes, these findings point to the need for innovative and targeted social service provisions to women who were formerly sex trafficked that take into consideration the high level of ACEs of the women. Given the sociodemographic diversity of this sample, there is a need for services that are trauma-informed, innovative, and culturally sensitive in a variety of social service settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/swae024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T06:48:45Z","timestamp":1715755725000},"page":"265-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experiences, Women Who Are Sex Trafficked, and Social Service Utilization: Implications for Social Work"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Jacquelyn C A","family":"Meshelemiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Jacquelyn C. A. Meshelemiah, PhD, is associate professor, , 325D Stillman Hall, 1947 North College Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elinam","family":"Dellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Elinam Dellor, PhD, is an assistant professor, , Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharvari","family":"Karandikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Sharvari Karandikar, PhD, is a professor, , Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Additti","family":"Munshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Additti Munshi, MSW, is a doctoral student, , Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gia","family":"Barboza-Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Gia Barboza-Salerno, JD, PhD, is an assistant professor, , Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah Ruth","family":"Steinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, The Ohio State University Hannah Ruth Steinke, BA, is a graduate research associate, , Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003186","article-title":"An integrated, trauma-informed care model for female survivors of sexual violence: The Engage, Motivate, Protect, Organize, Self-Worth, Educate, Respect (EMPOWER) Clinic","volume":"133","author":"Ades","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517736628","article-title":"Latent classes and cumulative impacts of adverse childhood experiences","volume":"23","author":"Barboza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B3","volume-title":"Thematic analysis: A practical guide","author":"Braun","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000768","article-title":"All adverse childhood experiences are not equal: The contribution of synergy to adverse childhood experience scores.\u00a0","volume":"76","author":"Briggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109915616437","article-title":"Sex slavery and sex trafficking of women in the United States: Historical and contemporary parallels, policies, and perspectives in social work","volume":"31","author":"Bromfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Affilia"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B6","first-page":"471","article-title":"Trafficking people with disabilities: A legal analysis","volume":"26","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equal Right & Social Justice"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2022.101167","article-title":"Child trafficking and exploitation: Historical roots, preventive policies, and the pediatrician\u2019s role.","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Problems in Pediatric Adolescent Health Care"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2020.1789262","article-title":"Consequences associated with the use of psychoactive substances among female adolescents placed in residential care: The role of sexual exploitation","volume":"60","author":"Couture","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women & Health"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP18568","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211038324","article-title":"Benchmarking trauma in child welfare: A brief report.","volume":"37","author":"Dellor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104129","article-title":"Featured counter trafficking program: Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center","volume":"100","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.17.1.3.33635","article-title":"Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: Implications for health and social services","volume":"17","author":"Dube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12759","article-title":"Healthcare needs and utilization patterns of sex-trafficked youth: Missed opportunities at a children\u2019s hospital","volume":"46","author":"Ertl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-020-00335-9","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences, depression, resilience, & spirituality in African-American adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Freeny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/17496535.2022.2033292","article-title":"\u2018[Peers give] you hope that you can change too\u2019: Peers\u2019 helping relationships for women exiting street-based sex trade","volume":"16","author":"Gesser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethics and Social Welfare"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000763","article-title":"Recognizing the cumulative burden of childhood adversities transforms science and practice for trauma and resilience.\u00a0","volume":"76","author":"Hamby","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/23761407.2015.1086718","article-title":"Women exiting street-based sex work: Correlations between ethno-racial identity, number of children, and violent experiences","volume":"13","author":"Hankel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B18","author":"Hughes","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203077894","volume-title":"Research for effective social work practice","author":"Krysik","year":"2013","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2019.1595242","article-title":"From \u201cwhores\u201d to \u201cvictims\u201d: The rise and status of sex trafficking courts","volume":"14","author":"Kulig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1323814","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of dependent youth who have been commercially sexually exploited: Findings from a specialized treatment program","volume":"26","author":"Landers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22488","article-title":"The \u201c3 Es\u201d of trauma-informed care in a federally qualified health center: Traumatic Event- and Experience-related predictors of physical and mental health Effects among female patients","volume":"49","author":"Latham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278841","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2017.1278841","article-title":"Mental health issues in survivors of sex trafficking","volume":"4","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Medicine"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B24","author":"Macartney","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.75.4.525","article-title":"Implementing trauma-informed alcohol and other drug and mental health services for women: Lessons learned in a multisite demonstration project","volume":"75","author":"Markoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2019.1590289","article-title":"Applying a survival sex hierarchy to the commercial sexual exploitation of children: A trauma-informed perspective","volume":"13","author":"McDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Public Child Welfare"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diverse needs of sex trafficking survivors","volume":"2","author":"Menaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human trafficking Series"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559516679513","article-title":"Rethinking the measurement of adversity: Moving toward second-generation research on adverse childhood experiences","volume":"22","author":"Mersky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231216711","article-title":"Sex trafficked women, drug dealers, and men who buy sex: A look at \u201crace","author":"Meshelemiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/23322705.2021.2020061","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and homelessness: A critical examination of the association between specific ACEs and sex trafficking among homeless youth in Kentuckiana","volume":"10","author":"Middleton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Human Trafficking"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2018.1428924","article-title":"Youth experiences survey (YES): Exploring the score and complexity of sex trafficking in a sample of youth experiencing homelessness","volume":"44","author":"Middleton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Social Service Research"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.2.31924","article-title":"Screening for victims of sex trafficking in the emergency department: A pilot program","volume":"18","author":"Mumma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.09.004","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questionnaire and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Implications for parent child relationships","volume":"38","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/17496535.2021.2003836","article-title":"The afterlife of decriminalization: Anti-trafficking, child protection, and the limits of trauma-informed efforts","volume":"16","author":"Musto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethics and Social Welfare"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215603064","article-title":"Youth arrested for trading sex have the highest rate of childhood adversity: A statewide study of juvenile offenders","volume":"29","author":"Naramore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B36","author":"National Association of Social Workers","year":"."},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517709995","article-title":"Domestic minor sex trafficking: Among child welfare-involved youth: An exploratory study of correlates","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872811425805","article-title":"Human trafficking: Improving victim identification and service provision","volume":"55","author":"Okech","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Social Work"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/swv031","article-title":"Sex trafficking: Policies, programs, and services","volume":"60","author":"Orme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B40","first-page":"3","article-title":"The essential role of social work in addressing victims and survivors of trafficking","volume":"17","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.021","article-title":"Assessing risk of commercial sexual exploitation among children involved in the child welfare system","volume":"87","author":"Panlilio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2017.1399101","article-title":"Survivor\u2019s voices\u2014Complex needs of sex trafficking survivors in the Midwest","volume":"44","author":"Rajaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303564","article-title":"Human trafficking of minors and childhood adversity","volume":"107","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B44","author":"Research Evaluation Group","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2021.1875097","article-title":"Sex trafficking experiences of help-seeking individuals in Hawai\u2018i","volume":"32","author":"Roe-Sepowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2466\/03.CP.2.10","article-title":"Determining statistical significance (alpha) and reporting statistical trends: Controversies, issues, and facts","volume":"2","author":"Schumm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychology"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B47","first-page":"181","article-title":"Human trafficking identification and service provision in the medical and social service sectors","volume":"18","author":"Schwarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health and Human Rights Journal"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.03.049","article-title":"Human trafficking: A guide to identification and approach for the emergency physician.","volume":"68","author":"Shandro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B49","first-page":"12","article-title":"Barriers and challenges in seeking psychiatric intervention in a general hospital, by the collaborative child response unit (a multidisciplinary team approach to handling child abuse): A qualitative analysis","volume":"39","author":"Subramaniyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Psychiatric Society"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106091","article-title":"Type and dose-response effect of adverse childhood experiences in predicting depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\u00a0","volume":"139","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B51","author":"Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024082712120453300_swae024-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1263161","article-title":"Reliable, valide und \u00f6konomische Erfassung fr\u00fcher Traumatisierung: Erste psychometrische Charakterisierung der deutschen Version des Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE) [The reliable, valid and economic assessment of early traumatization: First psychometric characteristics of the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE)]","volume":"61","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie"}],"container-title":["Social Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sw\/article-pdf\/69\/3\/265\/58933725\/swae024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sw\/article-pdf\/69\/3\/265\/58933725\/swae024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T12:12:47Z","timestamp":1724760767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sw\/article\/69\/3\/265\/7673104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sw\/swae024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-8046","1545-6846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-8046","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-6846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}