{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:12:17Z","timestamp":1784333537493,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013197","name":"Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endometriosis is a common cause of deep dyspareunia, while provoked vestibulodynia is a common cause of superficial dyspareunia. The etiology of dyspareunia in both conditions is multifactorial and may include the role of local nerve growth (neurogenesis or neuroproliferation) that sensitizes pelvic structures and leads to pain with contact.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To review the evidence for neuroproliferative dyspareunia in endometriosis and provoked vestibulodynia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Narrative review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pelvic peritoneum and vulvar vestibule receive somatic and autonomic innervation. Various markers have been utilized for nerve subtypes, including pan-neuronal markers and those specific for sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. The nerve growth factor family includes neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and their receptors. Studies of endometriosis and provoked vestibulodynia have demonstrated the presence of nerve fibers around endometriosis epithelium\/stroma in the pelvic peritoneum and within the vulvar vestibule. The number of nerve fibers is higher in these pain conditions as compared with control tissue. Nerve growth factor expression by endometriosis stroma and by immune cells in the vulvar vestibule may be involved in local neuroproliferation. Local inflammation is implicated in this neuroproliferation, with potential roles of interleukin 1\u03b2 and mast cells in both conditions. Several studies have shown a correlation between nerve fibers around endometriosis and dyspareunia severity, but studies are lacking in provoked vestibulodynia. There are several possible clinical ramifications of neuroproliferative dyspareunia in endometriosis and provoked vestibulodynia, in terms of history, examination, biopsy, and surgical and medical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A neuroproliferative subtype of dyspareunia may be implicated in endometriosis and provoked vestibulodynia. Additional research is needed to validate this concept and to integrate it into clinical studies. Neuroproliferative pathways could serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyspareunia in endometriosis and provoked vestibulodynia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qead033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T01:36:22Z","timestamp":1691372182000},"page":"323-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Neuroproliferative dyspareunia in endometriosis and vestibulodynia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Agnes N","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, , Vancouver, V6H 3N1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, , Vancouver, V6H 3N1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Anglesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, , Vancouver, V6H 3N1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, , Vancouver, V6H 3N1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12729","article-title":"Concurrent deep-superficial dyspareunia: prevalence, associations, and outcomes in a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program","volume":"12","author":"Yong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2019.03.002","article-title":"Provoked vestibulodynia in women with pelvic pain","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023100305503672800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023100305503672800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E363","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.220637","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of endometriosis","volume":"195","author":"Allaire","year":"2023","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref5","first-page":"745","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"127","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/291","article-title":"Central sensitization in urogynecological chronic pelvic pain: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.053","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of pelvic organ cross-sensitization","volume":"149","author":"Malykhina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.10.003","article-title":"Inflammation and nerve fiber interaction in endometriotic pain","volume":"26","author":"McKinnon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.021","article-title":"Vulvodynia: definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors","volume":"13","author":"Pukall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023100305503672800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdad040","article-title":"Characterizing the innervation of the vulvar vestibule and the immunohistochemical features of neuroproliferative vestibulodynia","volume":"20","author":"Tomalty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0441-z","article-title":"Villainous role of estrogen in macrophage-nerve interaction in endometriosis","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590823","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.590823","article-title":"Pain in endometriosis","volume":"14","author":"Maddern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1194-5","volume-title":"Peritoneal Surgery","author":"DiZerega","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1515\/pp-2017-0024","article-title":"Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy","volume":"2","author":"Struller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pleura Peritoneum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.040","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of pudendal nerve integrity in female sexual function using noninvasive techniques","volume":"192","author":"Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23966","article-title":"Innervation of the human vulvar vestibule: a comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Velikonja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.001","article-title":"Development of the human penis and clitoris","volume":"103","author":"Baskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023100305503672800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22592","article-title":"Retroperitoneal course of iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and genitofemoral nerves: a study to improve identification and excision during triple neurectomy","volume":"28","author":"Geh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.25351","article-title":"PGP 9.5 immunocytochemical staining for pancreatic endocrine tumors","volume":"5","author":"Tomita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Islets"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref20","first-page":"611","article-title":"The importance of pelvic nerve fibers in endometriosis","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023100305503672800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037","article-title":"Immune activation enhances epithelial nerve growth in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"215","author":"Tommola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa017","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1\u03b2 in nerve growth factor expression, neurogenesis and deep dyspareunia in endometriosis","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.06.017","article-title":"Nerve fibers and endometriotic lesions: partners in crime in inflicting pains in women with endometriosis","volume":"209","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01752-1","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and inflammation interaction in endometriosis-associated pain","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2741\/E682","article-title":"Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis in endometriosis","volume":"E5","author":"Hey-Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy047","article-title":"Neurotrophins and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the ovary: physiological and pathophysiological implications","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa008","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and function in the mammalian reproductive tract","volume":"26","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030548","article-title":"Targeting neurotrophins to specific populations of neurons: NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 and their relevance for treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Keefe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45106-5","volume-title":"Neurotrophic Factors","author":"Lewin","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023100305503672800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.8b00126","article-title":"Optical activation of TrkA signaling","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023100305503672800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.03.002","article-title":"Involvement of spinal neurotrophin-3 in electroacupuncture analgesia and inhibition of spinal glial activation in rat model of monoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Mi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3909-04.2005","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3 suppresses thermal hyperalgesia associated with neuropathic pain and attenuates transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 expression in adult sensory neurons","volume":"25","author":"Wilson-Gerwing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01181.x","article-title":"Mysteries of endometriosis pain: Chien-Tien Hsu Memorial Lecture 2009","volume":"36","author":"Fraser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"2023100305503672800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13102","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313102","article-title":"Neurogenic inflammation in the context of endometriosis\u2014what do we know?","volume":"22","author":"Velho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023100305503672800_ref35","first-page":"595","article-title":"The peritoneum\u2014an important factor for pathogenesis and pain generation in endometriosis","volume":"92","author":"Barcena de Arellano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref36","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Female Sexual Pain Disorders: Evaluation and Management","author":"Bornstein","year":"2021","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023100305503672800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.528368","article-title":"Medical and physical predictors of localized provoked vulvodynia","volume":"89","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2021.08.008","article-title":"Assessment of nerve fiber density and expression of hormonal receptors within rectosigmoid endometriosis nodules","volume":"29","author":"Zomer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.08.004","article-title":"Imbalance between sympathetic and sensory innervation in peritoneal endometriosis","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000342163","article-title":"Neuroimmunomodulatory alterations in non-lesional peritoneum close to peritoneal endometriosis","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.008","article-title":"A local inflammatory renin-angiotensin system drives sensory axon sprouting in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117716778","article-title":"Nerve growth factor is associated with sexual pain in women with endometriosis","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.01.005","article-title":"Important role of collective cell migration and nerve fiber density in the development of deep nodular endometriosis","volume":"107","author":"Orellana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.03.003","article-title":"Evidence of neurotrophic events due to peritoneal endometriotic lesions","volume":"62","author":"Barcena de Arellano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01323-z","article-title":"The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with other pain and inflammatory conditions","volume":"55","author":"Rahmioglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.10.1098","article-title":"Activation of vestibule-associated lymphoid tissue in localized provoked vulvodynia","volume":"212","author":"Tommola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000377","article-title":"Nerve growth factor and selected cytokines in women with and without vulvodynia","volume":"22","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000445","article-title":"Localized provoked vulvodynia: association with nerve growth factor and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 genes polymorphisms","volume":"23","author":"Kalfon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref49","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Female Sexual Pain Disorders: Evaluation and Management","author":"Foster","year":"2021","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9603.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"5","author":"Lev-Sagie","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref51","first-page":"54","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and pain in endometriosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Machairiotis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa017","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1beta in nerve growth factor expression, neurogenesis and deep dyspareunia in endometriosis","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023100305503672800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117732161","article-title":"Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in endometriosis pain","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023100305503672800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118768688","article-title":"Genetic variation at chromosome 2q13 and its potential influence on endometriosis susceptibility through effects on the IL-1 family","volume":"25","author":"Gajbhiye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00447-4","article-title":"Elevated tissue levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"89","author":"Foster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref56","first-page":"379","article-title":"Is localized, provoked vulvodynia an inflammatory condition?","volume":"52","author":"Eva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.038","article-title":"Enhanced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by vulvar vestibular fibroblasts: implications for vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"196","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00276-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta gene polymorphism in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Gerber","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70212-2","article-title":"Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in women with vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"182","author":"Jeremias","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0457","article-title":"Estrogen is an important mediator of mast cell activation in ovarian endometriomas","volume":"155","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.03.057","article-title":"Pain, mast cells, and nerves in peritoneal, ovarian, and deep infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"86","author":"Anaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S195909","article-title":"Mast cell stabilizer ketotifen reduces hyperalgesia in a rodent model of surgically induced endometriosis","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000079663","article-title":"Hyperinnervation and mast cell activation may be used as histopathologic diagnostic criteria for vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"58","author":"Bornstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0b013e318140021b","article-title":"Involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of localized vulvodynia","volume":"27","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000082112","article-title":"The major histopathologic characteristics in the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Halperin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023100305503672800_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.028","article-title":"Histologic and receptor analysis of primary and secondary vestibulodynia and controls: a prospective study","volume":"202","author":"Goetsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref67","first-page":"260","article-title":"Relationship between pain and nerve fibers distribution in multiple endometriosis lesions","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023100305503672800_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115623644","article-title":"Nerve bundles and deep dyspareunia in endometriosis","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.011","article-title":"Endometriosis-associated nerve fibers, peritoneal fluid cytokine concentrations, and pain in endometriotic lesions from different locations","volume":"97","author":"McKinnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023100305503672800_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0027","article-title":"Possible involvement of nerve growth factor in dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia associated with endometriosis","volume":"60","author":"Kajitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2023100305503672800_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2010.05.005","article-title":"Neurotrophins and pain in endometriosis","volume":"38","author":"Borghese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Fertil"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023100305503672800_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111410711","article-title":"Influence of nerve growth factor in endometriosis-associated symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Barcena de Arellano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023100305503672800_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31821c33dc","article-title":"Differences in primary compared with secondary vestibulodynia by immunohistochemistry","volume":"117","author":"Leclair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s11930-014-0032-8","article-title":"Current uses of surgery in the treatment of genital pain","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Sex Health Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023100305503672800_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12630","article-title":"Vestibular anesthesia test for neuroproliferative vestibulodynia","volume":"11","author":"Gagnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31829fae32","article-title":"The value of histology in predicting the effectiveness of vulvar vestibulectomy in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"18","author":"Brokenshire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13303","article-title":"Prevalence of occult microscopic endometriosis in clinically negative peritoneum during laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain","volume":"151","author":"Gubbels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100305503672800_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.08.074","article-title":"Effects of hormonal treatment on nerve fibers in endometrium and myometrium in women with endometriosis","volume":"90","author":"Tokushige","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182657de6","article-title":"Enoxaparin treatment for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Farajun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.1.53","article-title":"Cromolyn cream for recalcitrant idiopathic vulvar vestibulitis: results of a placebo controlled study","volume":"77","author":"Nyirjesy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100305503672800_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e9e0ab","article-title":"Oral desipramine and topical lidocaine for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref82","first-page":"125","article-title":"Micronized palmitoylethanolamide\/trans-polydatin treatment of endometriosis-related pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Indraccolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S115407","article-title":"New topical treatment of vulvodynia based on the pathogenetic role of cross talk between nociceptors, immunocompetent cells, and epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Keppel, Hesselink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3218-4","article-title":"Vulvodynia and proctodynia treated with topical baclofen 5% and palmitoylethanolamide","volume":"290","author":"Keppel Hesselink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023100305503672800_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3182652316","article-title":"Vestibulodynia: synergy between palmitoylethanolamide + transpolydatin and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Murina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023100305503672800_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30414-X","article-title":"Pelvic floor tenderness in the etiology of superficial dyspareunia","volume":"36","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2023100305503672800_ref87","first-page":"61","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)","volume":"6","author":"Weldring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Insights"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023100305503672800_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.014","article-title":"Content validity\u2014establishing and reporting the evidence in newly developed patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments for medical product evaluation: ISPOR PRO Good Research Practices Task Force report. Part 1\u2014eliciting concepts for a new PRO instrument","volume":"14","author":"Patrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023100305503672800_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.01.172","article-title":"International Society for the Study of Women\u2019s Sexual Health (ISSWSH) review of epidemiology and pathophysiology, and a consensus nomenclature and process of care for the management of persistent genital arousal disorder\/genito-pelvic dysesthesia (PGAD\/GPD)","volume":"18","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4, pt 1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.10.178","article-title":"Tanezumab reduces pain in women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and patients with non-urological associated somatic syndromes","volume":"195","author":"Nickel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023100305503672800_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.06.002","article-title":"Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling","volume":"25","author":"Dibble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023100305503672800_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0885-3","article-title":"Drug targets in neurotrophin signaling in the central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"55","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100305503672800_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-02985-6","article-title":"TrkB neurotrophin receptor at the core of antidepressant effects, but how?","volume":"377","author":"Rantam\u00e4ki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"}],"container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/323\/51776289\/qead033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/11\/4\/323\/51776289\/qead033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T05:52:41Z","timestamp":1696312361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article\/11\/4\/323\/7237836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sxmrev\/qead033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0513","2050-0521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0513","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-0521","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]}}}