{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:41:21Z","timestamp":1780929681964,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is widely recognized as a disease primarily affecting women. The relationship between MS and hypogonadism is complex and not fully understood, with recent evidence showing that hypogonadism may have a significant impact on the quality of life and disease progression of patients with MS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the relationship between MS and hypogonadism, including the mechanisms underlying this relationship; the effects of hypogonadism on patients with MS; and the potential benefits and drawbacks of testosterone replacement therapy for patients with MS and hypogonadism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This scientific review analyzed 19 articles that investigated the potential relationship among MS, testosterone levels, and hypogonadism. The articles were published between November 2008 and March 2022 and were identified through a comprehensive search of the PubMed database. The search terms used included \u201cmultiple sclerosis,\u201d \u201ctestosterone,\u201d \u201chypogonadism,\u201d and \u201cMS and testosterone levels.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 19 articles reviewed, 11 described a positive correlation between low testosterone levels and dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in individuals with MS. These findings suggest that low testosterone levels may contribute to dysfunction within the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating testosterone production. The results also showed a relationship between sexual dysfunction and low testosterone levels, as well as a positive correlative relationship between these factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The reviewed articles indicate a complex relationship among MS, testosterone levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with low testosterone levels potentially contributing to dysfunction in this axis and to sexual dysfunction. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of testosterone therapy on MS and sexual dysfunction in patients with MS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qead050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1704695474000},"page":"178-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multiple sclerosis and hypogonadism: is there a relationship?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed A M","family":"Hammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, CA 92868 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina , Greenville, SC 29605 , United 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