{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:22:46Z","timestamp":1787858566971,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs) have received little attention in the context of thyroid diseases, despite the high prevalence of both conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review aims to update and summarize the state of knowledge on the association between thyroid diseases and FSDs and to investigate the complex mechanisms through which thyroid hormone imbalance can impact female sexual health in the context of the biopsychosocial model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was performed through the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases, using the following keywords: \u201cfemale sexual function,\u201d \u201csexual dysfunction,\u201d \u201chypoactive sexual desire disorder,\u201d \u201cthyroid disease,\u201d \u201cthyroiditis,\u201d \u201chypothyroidism,\u201d and \u201chyperthyroidism.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To date, well-designed studies that describe the relationship between FSDs and thyroid disorders are lacking. However, despite the limitations on available studies, current data indicate that sexual alterations are frequently associated with thyroid diseases in women. A complex interplay of direct and indirect hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms has been hypothesized, including hormonal changes, neurotransmitter imbalance, reduced nitric oxide release, mood disorders, and other systemic consequences of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone receptors have also been identified in the genitourinary system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a clinical setting, physicians should investigate the sexuality of patients consulting for thyroid disease. At the same time, an evaluation of thyroid function should be performed in patients presenting with FSD, especially after menopause, when the risk of thyroid diseases and FSDs increases strongly.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T05:46:11Z","timestamp":1712814371000},"page":"321-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thyroid diseases and female sexual dysfunctions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , 95123, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , 95123, Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita A","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , 95123, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cucinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, , 2700, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, , 2700, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"La Vignera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , 95123, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella E","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pavia Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, , 2700, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, , 2700, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo E","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, , 95123, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024070101014372800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030","article-title":"The epidemiology of thyroid 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