{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:02:31Z","timestamp":1790586151503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a well-documented condition characterized by a range of genitourinary symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women. As with GSM, postpartum lactating women experience reduced estrogen and androgen levels. However, there is limited research on the impact of symptoms during the postpartum breastfeeding period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim was to review the literature for genitourinary health in the postpartum breastfeeding population and summarize key findings and potential treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a comprehensive literature review in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus from inception of database to November 2023 using the following keywords individually and in combination: \u201cphysiology of postpartum\u201d or \u201cphysiology of lactogenesis\u201d or \u201cvulvovaginal health\u201d or \u201cvaginal atrophy\u201d or \u201cvaginal dryness\u201d or \u201cdyspareunia\u201d or \u201curinary incontinence\u201d or \u201clactation\u201d or \u201cbreastfeeding\u201d or \u201cvaginal estrogen.\u201d All identified articles published in English were considered. Relevant studies were extracted, evaluated, and analyzed. The work presented in this article represents a summative review of the identified literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During lactation, high levels of prolactin inhibit estrogen and androgen secretion via negative feedback, which leads to an increased prevalence of vulvovaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and urinary incontinence in lactating postpartum women. Despite these highly prevalent and potentially devastating symptoms, there is a lack of consistent screening at postpartum visits and no treatment guidelines available to health care providers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Postpartum breastfeeding women experience similar physiology and symptoms to the postmenopausal phase, as seen in GSM. We propose the introduction of a novel term to describe the genitourinary changes seen in postpartum breastfeeding individuals: genitourinary syndrome of lactation. The diagnostic use of genitourinary syndrome of lactation will equip health care providers with an all-encompassing term to bring awareness to the symptoms experienced by postpartum breastfeeding individuals and lead to improved screening and treatment for the high numbers of individuals experiencing these genitourinary changes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T09:28:53Z","timestamp":1715938133000},"page":"279-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Genitourinary syndrome of lactation: a new perspective on postpartum and lactation-related genitourinary symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Perelmuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY 10021 , United 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Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University , Hattiesburg, MS 39401 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soyoun","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine , University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine Alexis","family":"Meurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Krapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology , Center for Vulvovaginal Disorders, Washington, DC 20037 , United 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