{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:23:18Z","timestamp":1755796998165,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blue balls is a mundane complaint that generates substantive popular lore but has little coverage in the sexual medicine literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To draft a first medical history of relevant nosology and etiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Latin, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and English literature was mined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As expected from a period of not only widespread scaremongering concerning masturbation and \u201csemen loss\u201d but also \u201coverly rigid continence,\u201d scrotal pain reminiscent of blue balls was well covered between the 1820s and 1920s, under variably inclusive nosologic headings: \u201chernia seminalis,\u201d \u201corchioncus,\u201d \u201csimple spermatocele,\u201d \u201cepididymis distensa,\u201d \u201cirritable testis,\u201d \u201ctesticular epilepsy,\u201d \u201ctesticular neuralgia,\u201d \u201cspermatic colic,\u201d \u201cstone-ache,\u201d \u201cepididymitis sympathica,\u201d \u201cepididymitis erotica,\u201d \u201cepididymitis antiperistaltica,\u201d \u201cparadidymitis erotica acuta,\u201d and \u201cepididymo-deferential colic.\u201d Even an analogical \u201covaralgia erotica\u201d was hypothesized. Observations had the radical potential of supporting poena naturalis (natural punishment) arguments against \u201ctoo strict\u201d continence and even pro masturbation. This historical push toward concepts of normal and habitual sexuality was fortified by equally tendentious concepts of \u201cconstitutional\u201d or \u201ctemperamental\u201d predisposition in some men. Yet the clear potential of the diagnosis to moderate strong prevailing sentiments against masturbation remained poorly realized until well into the early 20th century.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Discomfort of the blue balls variety widely animated clinical sexual discourse from the early 18th century onward. It specifically informed interlocking, gendered ideas about sexual entitlement expressed in normative frames for sexual habits, eroto-sexual constitution, and behavioral health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeaf015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T07:17:54Z","timestamp":1741072674000},"page":"423-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blue balls: a brief history"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6679-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diederik F","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University, Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences , Maastricht, 6200 MD ,","place":["The 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