{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:57:13Z","timestamp":1790542633277,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2024 introduction of genitourinary syndrome of lactation (GSL) established the syndromic and epidemiological foundation for postpartum genitourinary care, naming a distinct clinical entity and documenting its prevalence. This narrative mechanistic review asks a complementary question: what biological systems translate the postpartum hormonal environment and parturition exposure into the observed spectrum of postpartum lower-genital-tract vulnerability, vulvar and vestibular symptom variability, and recovery? From this synthesis, the Postpartum Vulvar Tissue-State Model is derived as a multi-axis mechanistic framework beneath the GSL syndromic construct, characterizing 5 biological axes whose postpartum trajectories diverge in timing and reversibility. This review synthesizes evidence on postpartum vulvar tissue biology across 5 partially independent systems\u2014epithelial\/stromal, vascular, intracrine, neurological\/sensory, and microbial\u2014and to derive a multi-axis mechanistic framework explaining symptom variability, recovery trajectories, and persistent postpartum dyspareunia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative mechanistic review integrating peer-reviewed literature from reproductive endocrinology, lower genital tract tissue biology, vulvovaginal and vestibular tissue biology, sensory neuroscience, pelvic pain biology, and microbiome science. Literature was identified through PubMed and Google Scholar searches without date restriction. This narrative synthesis was not designed as a systematic review and does not follow PRISMA reporting guidelines. Findings are presented with explicit labeling of empirically established mechanisms, cross-domain extrapolations from adjacent literatures, and novel framework-generating hypotheses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The synthesis identifies 5 biological axes that shape postpartum vulvar tissue state: (I) epithelial and stromal remodeling driven primarily by estrogen receptor alpha withdrawal, altered matrix metalloproteinase activity, and parturition-related wound biology; (II) vascular and nitric oxide signaling disruption affecting arousal-linked lubrication; (III) intracrine steroidogenesis, a tissue-level compensatory system whose postpartum function remains uncharacterized; (IV) neurological and sensory sensitization plausibly initiated by parturition-associated inflammation, nociceptor activation, and mast cell\/NGF signaling; and (V) microbial ecosystem disruption mediated by glycogen depletion and Lactobacillus decline. These axes interact in a cascade architecture in which early endocrine and mechanical disruption may propagate through microbial, barrier, and neuroinflammatory pathways, potentially establishing persistent sensitization independent of hormonal recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review derives the Postpartum Vulvar Tissue-State Model as a mechanistic framework beneath GSL as a syndromic construct. The model distinguishes 3 temporal phases of tissue-state evolution, identifies persistent postpartum dyspareunia as a potential neuroinflammatory sequela in a subset of women, and provides a biological rationale for axis-differentiated clinical assessment and earlier intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeag076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:34:46Z","timestamp":1789673686000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postpartum vulvar biology beyond atrophy: a 5-axis mechanistic review of genitourinary syndrome of lactation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6586-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ronin Institute , Sacramento, CA 95816,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005940","article-title":"Postpartum and lactation-related genitourinary symptoms: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Perelmuter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428494","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1428494","article-title":"Estradiol and progesterone from pregnancy to postpartum: a longitudinal latent class analysis","volume":"5","author":"Dukic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"issue":"5988","key":"2026092716174963900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5988.82","article-title":"Effect of breast-feeding on pituitary-ovarian function after childbirth","volume":"4","author":"Bonnar","year":"1975","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP94570","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.94570","article-title":"Prolactin-mediates a lactation-induced suppression of arcuate kisspeptin neuronal activity necessary for lactational infertility in mice","volume":"13","author":"Hackwell","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092716174963900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12223","article-title":"Prolactin regulation of kisspeptin neurones in the mouse brain and its role in the lactation-induced suppression of kisspeptin expression","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092716174963900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63937","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia-induced ovarian acyclicity is reversed by kisspeptin administration","volume":"122","author":"Sonigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092716174963900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235806","article-title":"Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during breastfeeding\u2014a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Uvn\u00e4s-Moberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272270","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1272270","article-title":"The yin and Yang of the oxytocin and stress systems: opposites, yet interdependent and intertwined determinants of lifelong health trajectories","volume":"15","author":"Uvn\u00e4s-Moberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.10.018","article-title":"Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and their relation to cytokine production during and after normal pregnancy","volume":"340","author":"Tagawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092716174963900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000768","article-title":"Is vulvovaginal atrophy due to a lack of both estrogens and androgens?","volume":"24","author":"Labrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092716174963900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12589","article-title":"Localization of the androgen-synthesizing enzymes, androgen receptor, and sex steroids in the vagina: possible implications for the treatment of postmenopausal sexual dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Bertin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae034","article-title":"Genitourinary syndrome of lactation: a new perspective on postpartum and lactation-related genitourinary symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Perelmuter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.01.015","article-title":"Relaxin and extracellular matrix remodeling: mechanisms and signaling pathways","volume":"487","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.04.039","article-title":"Vaginal delivery and serum markers of ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"94","author":"Conner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026092716174963900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013226107","article-title":"Uterine epithelial estrogen receptor \u03b1 is dispensable for proliferation but essential for complete biological and biochemical responses","volume":"107","author":"Winuthayanon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092716174963900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6241","article-title":"Role of stromal and epithelial estrogen receptors in vaginal epithelial proliferation, stratification, and cornification","volume":"139","author":"Buchanan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.17","article-title":"Multidisciplinary overview of vaginal atrophy and associated genitourinary symptoms in postmenopausal women","volume":"1","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.12.043","article-title":"Increased matrix metalloproteinases-1,-9 in the uterosacral ligaments and vaginal tissue from women with pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"156","author":"Dviri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092716174963900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.03.005","article-title":"Role of androgens in female genitourinary tissue structure and function: implications in the genitourinary syndrome of menopause","volume":"6","author":"Traish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124823","article-title":"On the biomechanics of vaginal birth and common sequelae","volume":"11","author":"Ashton-Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01122.x","article-title":"Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulation in female genital tract structures","volume":"6","author":"Musicki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092716174963900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01750.x","article-title":"Post-translational regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by estrogens in the rat vagina","volume":"7","author":"Musicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqaa219","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa219","article-title":"Insight on the intracrinology of menopause: androgen production within the human vagina","volume":"162","author":"Cellai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0250001","article-title":"Intracrinology: role of the family of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human physiology and disease","volume":"25","author":"Labrie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.09.041","article-title":"Steroid receptor expression and morphology in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"198","author":"Johannesson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.4","article-title":"The treatment of vestibulodynia with topical estradiol and testosterone","volume":"1","author":"Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"2026092716174963900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.21037\/gpm-21-4","article-title":"Prolactin secretion in women: narrative review","volume":"4","author":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol Pelvic Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12389663","article-title":"Opposite effects of prolactin and corticosterone on the expression and activity of 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\/\u03945-\u03944 isomerase in rat skin","volume":"103","author":"Couet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092716174963900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001138","article-title":"The role of androgens in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM): International Society for the Study of Women's sexual health (ISSWSH) expert consensus panel review","volume":"25","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf037","article-title":"Use of oral contraceptive pills and vulvar vestibulitis: a case-control study","volume":"156","author":"Bouchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092716174963900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12668","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the androgen receptor gene and hormonal contraceptive induced provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8857","article-title":"Potential for selection bias in studies of the association of hormonal contraception and chronic vulvar pain","volume":"31","author":"Bond","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Women's Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12622","article-title":"Mast cell-neural interactions contribute to pain and itch","volume":"282","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092716174963900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.11.014","article-title":"Mechanical loading promotes mast cell degranulation via RGD-integrin dependent pathways","volume":"46","author":"Fowlkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae228","article-title":"Inflammation-induced mast cell-derived nerve growth factor: a key player in chronic vulvar pain?","volume":"148","author":"Awad-Igbaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092716174963900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.167","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"13","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000006118","article-title":"Executive summary of the vulvodynia therapeutic research summit","volume":"147","author":"Krapf","year":"2026","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092716174963900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.09.030","article-title":"Estradiol activates mast cells via a non-genomic estrogen receptor-\u03b1 and calcium influx","volume":"44","author":"Zaitsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02562-9","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 and -\u03b2 coexist in a subpopulation of sensory neurons of female rat dorsal root ganglia","volume":"319","author":"Papka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2009.08.006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pelvic floor hypertonic disorders","volume":"36","author":"Butrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.09.004","article-title":"Recognition and management of nonrelaxing pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"87","author":"Faubion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092716174963900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00438-6","article-title":"Changes in the vaginal microbiome during the pregnancy to postpartum transition","volume":"28","author":"Nunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39849-9","article-title":"Abrupt perturbation and delayed recovery of the vaginal ecosystem following childbirth","volume":"14","author":"Costello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12197","article-title":"The bacterial microbiome in paired vaginal and vestibular samples from women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Jayaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000523","article-title":"Features of the vaginal and vestibular microbiome in patients with vestibulodynia: a case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Murina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092716174963900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00141","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00141-19","article-title":"Cooperative interactions between trichomonas vaginalis and associated bacteria enhance paracellular permeability of the cervicovaginal epithelium by dysregulating tight junctions","volume":"87","author":"Hinderfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092716174963900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12067","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.453654","article-title":"Degradation, foraging, and depletion of mucus sialoglycans by the vagina-adapted actinobacterium Gardnerella vaginalis","volume":"288","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47172-y","article-title":"Lactic acid enhances vaginal epithelial barrier integrity and ameliorates inflammatory effects of dysbiotic short chain fatty acids and HIV-1","volume":"13","author":"Schwecht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092716174963900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13263","article-title":"Dyspareunia and childbirth: a prospective cohort study","volume":"122","author":"McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092716174963900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072023","article-title":"Vestibular anatomic localization of pain sensitivity in women with insertional dyspareunia: a different approach to address the variability of painful intercourse","volume":"9","author":"Lev-Sagie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001468","article-title":"Safety of vaginal estrogens: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Crandall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092716174963900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0164-2","volume":"6","author":"Bergeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vulvodynia Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092716174963900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vmag023","DOI":"10.1093\/rescon\/vmag023","article-title":"The drive\u2013capacity model: a systems biology framework for midlife female sexual function","volume":"1","author":"Kelly","year":"2026","journal-title":"Research Connections"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2026092716174963900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.02.004","article-title":"Androgen glucuronides, instead of testosterone, as the new markers of androgenic activity in women","volume":"99","author":"Labrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092716174963900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdac040","article-title":"Postpartum dyspareunia: clinical evaluation, causes, and treatment outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Ram-Weiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/14\/3\/qeag076\/71405050\/qeag076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/14\/3\/qeag076\/71405050\/qeag076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:17:53Z","timestamp":1790540273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeag076\/8836776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeag076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0513","2050-0521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0513","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-0521","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"qeag076"}}