{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:49:20Z","timestamp":1791809360280,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peptide-based therapies are increasingly used in urology and sexual medicine, although adoption is often influenced by off-label prescribing, direct-to-consumer promotion, and limited long-term safety data. We review mechanisms, clinical evidence, dosing, safety, and regulatory status of these agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified studies of peptide-based therapies in sexual medicine. Search terms included Bremelanotide, Melanotan II, Kisspeptin, Oxytocin, PnPP-19, Gonadorelin and growth hormone secretagogues, including GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Ibutamoren, Ipamorelin, Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, and CJC-1295. Of 725 records, 76 studies met inclusion criteria. Findings were synthesized narratively given heterogeneity across studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peptides reviewed act through diverse mechanisms, including central modulation of desire and arousal, stimulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal and growth hormone axes, and nitric oxide\u2013mediated effects on erectile physiology. Bremelanotide and Tesamorelin are the most clinically established agents, with defined dosing and regulatory approval for selected indications. Kisspeptin shows early promise but remains investigational. Growth hormone secretagogues reliably increase growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations; however, evidence for improved sexual function, physical performance, or quality of life remains limited. Melanotan II, Ibutamoren, CJC-1295, and related agents remain accessible through unregulated markets, raising concerns about product quality, dosing variability, and incompletely characterized adverse effects. Oxytocin has biologic plausibility but limited efficacy data, whereas PnPP-19 remains preclinical. Gonadorelin was Food and Drug Administration approved but is no longer manufactured. Across peptide classes, safety data are limited by short follow-up, small samples, and incomplete assessment of cardiovascular, metabolic, and oncologic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peptide-based therapies in urology and sexual medicine show selective therapeutic potential, but most remain insufficiently validated for clinical use. Clinicians should distinguish approved therapies from investigational and nonregulated compounds and counsel patients regarding uncertain benefit, potential harm, and risks of unsupervised use. Randomized trials with standardized dosing and long-term safety assessment are needed before broader adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeag078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:22:50Z","timestamp":1790425370000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peptides in urology and sexual medicine: clinical effectiveness, dosing, indications, and safety: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Valeriia","family":"Vasylieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urological Surgeons of Northern California, El Camino Health , Mountain View, CA 94040, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urological Surgeons of Northern California, El Camino Health , Mountain View, CA 94040, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Karpman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urological Surgeons of Northern California, El Camino Health , Mountain View, CA 94040, \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026101208281048600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00318","article-title":"The current state of peptide drug discovery: back to the future?","volume":"61","author":"Henninot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026101208281048600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00613","article-title":"The discovery of insulin: an important milestone in the history of medicine","volume":"9","author":"Vecchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101208281048600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101208281048600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2011.00179.x","article-title":"Bioactive peptides: synthesis, properties, and applications in the packaging and preservation of food","volume":"11","author":"Perez Espitia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101208281048600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2011.08.001","article-title":"Recombinant production of antimicrobial peptides in Escherichia coli: a review","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protein Expr Purif"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101208281048600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.10690","article-title":"Illicit injectable peptides and regulatory gaps","volume":"336","author":"Piatkowski","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026101208281048600_ref7","first-page":"2026","volume-title":"FDA Briefing Document: Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Meeting","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026101208281048600_ref8","volume-title":"Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting. 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