{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:48:38Z","timestamp":1790776118665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation grants to DMW","award":["GRFP-0907994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRFP-0907994"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation grants to DMW","award":["DEB-1354975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1354975"]}]},{"name":"Grainger Bioinformatics Center and the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution at the Field Museum"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coca is the natural source of cocaine as well as a sacred and medicinal plant farmed by South American Amerindians and mestizos. The coca crop comprises four closely related varieties classified into two species (Amazonian and Hu\u00e1nuco varieties within Erythroxylum coca Lam., and Colombian and Trujillo varieties within Erythroxylum novogranatense (D. Morris) Hieron.) but our understanding of the domestication and evolutionary history of these taxa is nominal. In this study, we use genomic data from natural history collections to estimate the geographic origins and genetic diversity of this economically and culturally important crop in the context of its wild relatives. Our phylogeographic analyses clearly demonstrate the four varieties of coca comprise two or three exclusive groups nested within the diverse lineages of the widespread, wild species Erythroxylum gracilipes; establishing a new and robust hypothesis of domestication wherein coca originated two or three times from this wild progenitor. The Colombian and Trujillo coca varieties are descended from a single, ancient domestication event in northwestern South America. Hu\u00e1nuco coca was domesticated more recently, possibly in southeastern Peru. Amazonian coca either shares a common domesticated ancestor with Hu\u00e1nuco coca, or it was the product of a third and most recent independent domestication event in the western Amazon basin. This chronology of coca domestication reveals different Holocene peoples in South America were able to independently transform the same natural resource to serve their needs; in this case, a workaday stimulant. [Erythroxylum; Erythroxylaceae; Holocene; Museomics; Neotropics; phylogeography; plant domestication; target-sequence capture.]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T13:05:11Z","timestamp":1600347911000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics Reveals Multiple Independent Domestications from Progenitor<i>Erythroxylum gracilipes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Dawson M","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"},{"name":"Grainger Bioinformatics Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Pan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando Adolfo","family":"Jara-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Madri\u00f1\u00e1N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bot\u00e1nica y Sistem\u00e1tica, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Cartagena \u201cGuillermo Pi\u00f1eres\u201d, Turbaco, Bol\u00edvar, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Ree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grainger Bioinformatics Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta J","family":"Mason-Gamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121614440028200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600631223","article-title":"Cocaine content of Erythroxylum species","volume":"63","author":"Aynilian","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. 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