{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:29:31Z","timestamp":1786382971627,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRI 1228312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI 1228312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["II NEW 1405767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II NEW 1405767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRI 1725573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI 1725573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRI 2018069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI 2018069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"College of Science and Department of Biological Sciences at Clemson University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Change in the haploid chromosome number commonly generates reproductive isolation between diverging species. If changes to the haploid chromosome number (karyotype) most often generate new species, variation in the rate of chromosome number evolution is expected to predict variation in diversification rates. Although this correlation has been supported in some plants, we know less about how the mode and tempo of karyotype change evolve. Methods to address the evolution of diversification and chromosome number transition rates are computationally expensive, and analyses are typically restricted to small clades or avoided all together. We identify and describe variation in the mode and tempo of karyotype evolution (via dysploidy and polyploidy) in the Polypodiales\u2014a species and karyotype-rich order of ferns\u2014by extending the Chromosome Number and Hidden State-dependent Speciation and Extinction (ChromoHiSSE) model to include whole genome duplication. Using the extended ChromoHiSSE model, we estimate rates of karyotype evolution across 962 leptosporangiate ferns of the Polypodiales. We recover 2 hidden modes of chromosome number evolution between which the rates of karyotype evolution differ by more than an order of magnitude. Our rate estimates and the stochastic mapping of these modes across fern evolution suggest lineages with high karyotype lability are less likely to persist in the long term. These results reinforce the theory that modern fern diversity is shaped substantially by polyploid speciation but challenge the expectation that diversification rates are enhanced by karyotype-driven reproductive isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syag054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:29:11Z","timestamp":1784633351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chromosome Evolution Model Reveals Hidden Variation in Fern Diversification Rates"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9807-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D","family":"Buchloh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, 132 Long Hall Department of Biological Sciences, , Clemson, SC 29634 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Vienna Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, , Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7263-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie M","family":"Tribble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Box 351800 Department of Biology, , Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington , 4303 Memorial Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University Logan, 5305 Old Main Hill Department of Biology, , Logan, UT 84322 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0944-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman J","family":"Wickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, 132 Long Hall Department of Biological Sciences, , Clemson, SC 29634 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Vienna Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, , Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026081012462903400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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