{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:12:55Z","timestamp":1788451975957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of autoclave processing on compressive stress of spongy and cortical bones, and the effect of autoclaved bones as chewing agents to reduce dental calculus in adult dogs. Spongy and cortical bones were autoclaved (1 ATM, 30 min, and 120\u00b0C) and compressive strength was evaluated in autoclaved and raw bone specimens. Autoclaved bones were offered to ten Beagle dogs divided into two groups of 5 dogs each: Group 1 \u2013 received a portion of the autoclaved bovine cortical bone (ACB) and Group 2 \u2013 received a portion of the autoclaved bovine spongy bone (ASB). Prior to the experimental period (1-d) and every two days thereafter, oral photographs were taken on both sides of the dental arch to evaluate dental calculus reduction over time. The vestibular surface of the canines, premolars, and molars teeth was evaluated using integration software to measure the proportion between the area covered by calculus and the total teeth area. The effect of bone type, treatment (raw vs. autoclaved), and their interaction were evaluated using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4). Linear equations were generated to estimate calculus reduction over time for ACB and ASB. Compressive strength was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in cortical bones compared to spongy bones. However, the autoclaving procedure did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) compressive strength, regardless of the bone type. The teeth area covered by calculus of dogs that were offered ACB reduced from 41% to 32% in 5 days, and at the end of 15 days a reduction of 62.2% was observed, resulting in a remaining of 15.5% of teeth area covered by calculus. In this group, the dental calculus area reduced by 57.7% after 5 days, and at the end of the trial, only 5.4% of teeth were still covered by calculus, which represents a reduction of 81%. The linear regression analysis revealed no significant difference between the slopes for the ACB and ASB equations (P &amp;gt; 0.05). No health complications such as tooth fracture, intestinal obstructions, and oral lesions were observed throughout the study. Our results demonstrated that the autoclave processing did not impair compressive strength of spongy and cortical bones. This corroborates with the results observed in vivo, which suggests that autoclaved bones are chewing agents for adult dogs with additional benefits of lower risk of bacterial contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:04:37Z","timestamp":1618445077000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of autoclaving on compressive strength of bovine bones and their use as chewing agents for dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"J G","family":"Pezzali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G S","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F R","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Eug\u00eanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V N","family":"Pignone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All Pet Odonto, Rua Fernandes Vieira 181, ap 902, 90035-091, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L","family":"Trevizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2009000800011","article-title":"Quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o computadorizada dos \u00edndices de placa e c\u00e1lculo dentais da imagem digital da superf\u00edcie vestibular dos dentes de c\u00e3es","volume":"29","author":"Abdalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet Bras"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)91128-L","article-title":"Effects of selected thermal variables on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone","volume":"16","author":"Borchers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105893","article-title":"Evaluating the presence of human pathogens in commercially frozen, biologically appropriate raw pet food sold in Italy","volume":"187","author":"Bottari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0004","article-title":"Wet petfood manufacture.","volume-title":"Petfood technology","author":"Edley","year":"1993"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572010000400018","article-title":"Detection of selected bacterial species in intraoral sites of patients with chronic periodontitis using multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"18","author":"Estrela","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21787-1_10","article-title":"Biomechanics of bone.","volume-title":"Accidental injury","author":"Gomez","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2000.21625","article-title":"Home care: products and techniques","volume":"15","author":"Gorrel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(84)90049-6","article-title":"Food preferences of dogs housed in testing-kennels and in consumers' homes: some comparisons","volume":"8","author":"Griffin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50105-2","article-title":"Periodontal disease in dogs: etiopathogenesis, prevalence, and significance","volume":"28","author":"Harvey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0011","first-page":"89","article-title":"Periodontal disease","volume-title":"Small animal dentistry","author":"Harvey","year":"1993"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649601300304","article-title":"Correlation of diet, other chewing activities and periodontal disease in North American client-owned dogs","volume":"13","author":"Harvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718823046","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing confirms source of pathogens associated with bacterial foodborne illness in pets fed raw pet food","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2019.1571921","article-title":"Effects of calf horn as chews on the behavior of laboratory dogs","volume":"23","author":"Ketter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.09.002","article-title":"Dietary influences on periodontal health in dogs and cats","volume":"36","author":"Logan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640502200202","article-title":"Oral fractures in dogs of Brazil\u2014a retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Lopes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12394","article-title":"Raw beef bones as chewing items to reduce dental calculus in Beagle dogs","volume":"94","author":"Marx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1748","article-title":"Investigation of Listeria, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli in various pet foods","volume":"11","author":"Nemser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228146","article-title":"Evaluation of teeth injuries in Beagle dogs caused by autoclaved beef bones used as a chewing item to remove dental calculus","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.03.001","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease","volume":"150","author":"Riggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"2021070809514982400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90006-9","article-title":"Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone","volume":"24","author":"R\u00f8hl","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biomech"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txab068\/37053498\/txab068.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/5\/2\/txab068\/38819508\/txab068.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/5\/2\/txab068\/38819508\/txab068.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T18:40:47Z","timestamp":1625769647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txab068\/6225103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txab068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"article-number":"txab068"}}