{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1753877733781,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Horses are often subjected to short-term feed withdrawal (FW) pre- or post-surgery to reduce anesthetic complications. However, removing nutrients from the intestinal lumen may negatively impact intestinal health. Thirteen horses were used to determine the effects of a 24\u00a0h FW on gut barrier function, active nutrient transport, transporter gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Following 0 or 24\u00a0h FW (0FW or 24FW, respectively), horses were euthanized via overdose of sodium pentobarbital and sodium phenytoin, and segments of proximal jejunum (PJ), mid jejunum (MJ), ileum (Il), and right ventral colon (RVC) were harvested for histology (PJ and Il), gene expression, and active nutrient transport analysis. Active transport measurements were determined using modified Ussing chambers following the addition of glucose, phosphorus, glutamine, and Gly-Sar. Carbachol-induced chloride (Cl) ion secretion was measured to examine the diarrhetic response. Messenger RNA expression of the intestinal Na-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), fructose transporter (GLUT5), di- and tri-peptide transporter (PepT1), and neutral AA\/glutamine transporter (ASCT2) were determined using RT-PCR. The GLM procedure of SAS was used to determine the effects of FW and responses among various intestinal sections. The horse served as the experimental unit. Villus heights (P &amp;lt; 0.002) and crypt depths (P &amp;lt; 0.02) in the Il were larger than in the PJ, though no differences were observed between 0FW and 24FW horses. Active glutamine absorption increased 82% in the PJ of 24FW horses compared to 0FW horses (P &amp;lt; 0.02). The mRNA expression of SGLT1 decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05), moving aborally in the gastrointestinal tract. Horses subjected to 24FW had 82% less GLUT5 (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and 61% less PepT1 mRNA expression in the PJ, compared to 0FW horses. Interestingly, ASCT2 mRNA expression increased 164% from PJ to RVC (P = 0.05). However, a 36% decrease in ASCT2 mRNA expression was observed overall for 24FW horses. These data indicate that SGLT1, GLUT5, PepT1, and ASCT2 are expressed throughout the small intestine and RVC of the horse at varying concentrations and that they can be differentially regulated by a 24\u00a0h FW. Data from this experiment also indicate that a 24\u00a0h FW results in up regulation of active glutamine absorption, presumably in an effort to supply glutamine as an energy substrate for enterocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T10:49:24Z","timestamp":1675075764000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of a 24\u00a0h feed withdrawal on active nutrient transport, intestinal morphology, and gene expression in the equine small and large intestine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Blaire E","family":"Aldridge-Dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners, Bentonville , AR 72712 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy B","family":"Lescun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Scott","family":"Radcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40546 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040487","article-title":"Glutamine up-regulates the expression of the amino acid transporter protein ASCT2 in HepG2 cells and stimulated the ASCT2 promoter","volume":"382","author":"Bungard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00107","article-title":"Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enterititis colonization in broilers","volume":"87","author":"Burkholder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poul. Sci"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.224","article-title":"Glutamine deprivation facilitates tumour necrosis factor induced bacterial translocation in caco-2 cells by depletion of","volume":"52","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21657","article-title":"Effects of MAPK signaling on 1,25 dihydroxyviatmin D-mediated CYP24 gene expression in the enterocyte-like cell line, Caco-2","volume":"219","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","article-title":"Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease","volume":"295","author":"Douard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0620-4","article-title":"Adaptive response of equine intestinal Na+\/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) to an increase in dietary soluble carbohydrates","volume":"458","author":"Dyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pflugers. Archv. Eru. J. Physiol"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0620-4","article-title":"Molecular characterization of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in equine small intestine","volume":"34","author":"Dyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2003.03721.x","article-title":"Glucose sensing in the intestinal epithelium","volume":"270","author":"Dyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1443s","article-title":"Trace elements and host defense: recent advances and continuing challenges","volume":"133","author":"Failla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0115s30","article-title":"Using the ensemble genome server to brose genomic sequence data","author":"Fernandez-Suarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G958","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.4.G958","article-title":"Specific 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated regulation of transcellular calcium transport in Caco-2 cells","volume":"276","author":"Fleet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2174","article-title":"Partial sequence and expression of the gene for and activity of the sodium glucose transporter in the small intestine of fed, starved and refed chickens","volume":"130","author":"Gal-Garber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.262","article-title":"Dietary protein quality and feed restriction influence abundance of nutrient transporter messenger RNA in the small intestine of broiler chicks","volume":"138","author":"Gilbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633774100","article-title":"Regulation of the murine renal vitamin D receptor by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium","volume":"100","author":"Healy","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0015","first-page":"13","article-title":"Digestive physiology of the horse","volume":"46","author":"Hintz","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.2957","article-title":"Increased expression of specific intestinal AA and peptide transporter mRNA in rats fed by TPN is reversed by GLP-2","volume":"134","author":"Howard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000007736","article-title":"Regulation of PepT1 peptide transporter expression in the rat small intestine under malnourished conditions","volume":"61","author":"Ihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.084582","article-title":"Computational modeling of H+-coupled peptide transport via human PEPT1","volume":"565","author":"Irie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phyiol"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G621","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.1.G113","article-title":"Developmental reprogramming of rat GLUT-5 requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis","volume":"280","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantification and the 2(-\u0394\u0394Ct)method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044877378","article-title":"Molecular characterization of fructose transport in equine small intestine","volume":"36","author":"Merediz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1003515413550","article-title":"Peptide transporter in the rat small intestine: ultrastructural localization and the effect of starvation and administration of amino acids","volume":"31","author":"Ogihara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Histochem. J"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.002","article-title":"Glutamine increases autophagy under basal and","volume":"136","author":"Sakiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0024","first-page":"493","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus in the nutrition of the horse","volume":"64","author":"Schyrver","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G232","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.274.2.G232","article-title":"Luminal fructose modulates fructose transport and GLUT-5 expression in the small intestine of weaning rats","volume":"274","author":"Shu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(99)90164-6","article-title":"Functional and molecular expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) after a brief fast","volume":"48","author":"Thamotharan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.9.1535","article-title":"Feed Withdrawal alters small-intestinal morphology and mucus of broilers","volume":"85","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poul. Sci"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3 \u2013 new capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergrasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90939-e","article-title":"Glutamine and the","volume":"341","author":"Van der Hulst","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8261756x","article-title":"The apparent digestibility of phytate phosphorus and the influence of supplemental phytase in horses","volume":"82","author":"Van Doorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"E-suppl. 2","key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0031","first-page":"315","article-title":"Differential mRNA expression of amino acid transporters in the equine small and large intestine","volume":"86","author":"Woodward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030420501174700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2406","article-title":"Cationic and neutral amino acid transporter transcript abundances are differentially expressed in the equine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"88","author":"Woodward","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad003\/48945512\/txad003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad003\/48945512\/txad003.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad003\/48945512\/txad003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T21:39:31Z","timestamp":1741124371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad003\/7008707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txad003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-2102"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"article-number":"txad003"}}