{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:32:56Z","timestamp":1788211976053,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Our objectives were to develop a Mobile Cow Command Center (MCCC) capable of precision monitoring of grazing heifers to 1) examine the relationship between supplement intake on concentrations of liver mineral and blood metabolites and 2) examine activity, reproductive, and health behavior. Yearling crossbred Angus heifers (N = 60; initial BW = 400.4 \u00b1 6.2 kg) were fitted with radio frequency identification ear tags that allowed access to electronic feeders (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD), and with activity monitoring tags (CowManager B.V., the Netherlands) that monitored reproductive, feeding, and health-associated behaviors. Heifers were assigned randomly to one of three treatments for a 57-day monitoring period: 1) no supplement (CON; N = 20), 2) free choice mineral (MIN; Purina Wind and Rain Storm [Land O\u2019Lakes, Inc.], N = 20), or 3) free choice energy and mineral supplement (NRG; Purina Accuration Range Supplement 33 with added MIN [Land O\u2019Lakes, Inc.], N = 20). Consecutive day body weights, blood, and liver biopsies were collected at pasture turnout and final day of monitoring. By design, mineral intake was greatest in MIN heifers (49 \u00b1 37 g\/d) and energy supplement intake was greatest in NRG heifers (1,257 \u00b1 37 g\/d). Final BW and ADG were similar among treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.42). Concentrations of glucose on day 57 were greater (P = 0.01) in NRG compared with CON and MIN heifers. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe on day 57 were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in NRG heifers than CON, with MIN being intermediate. Activity tags reported NRG heifers spent less time eating (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and more time (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) being \u201chighly active\u201d than MIN with CON heifers being intermediate. Data retrieved from activity tags identified 16 of 28 pregnant heifers exhibiting some type of estrus-associated behavior even after confirmation of established pregnancy. The activity monitoring system triggered a total of 146 health alerts from 34 of the 60 heifers monitored, but only 3 heifers of the heifers initiating an electronic health alert needed clinical treatment. However, animal care staff identified nine additional heifers that required treatment for which no electronic health alert was generated. The electronic feeders successfully controlled intake of individual heifers managed in groups pastures; however, the activity monitoring system misrepresented estrus and health events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T11:37:19Z","timestamp":1675078639000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Using precision tools to manage and evaluate the effects of mineral and protein\/energy supplements fed to grazing beef heifers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kacie L","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R","family":"Underdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Undi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University , Streeter, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082810290226300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8282375x","article-title":"Effect of copper, zinc, and manganese supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, and performance in grazing beef cattle over a two-year period","volume":"82","author":"Ahola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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