{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:58:30Z","timestamp":1777611510593,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the UC Davis"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The weaning period is a stressful time for beef calves because they must quickly gain independence from their dam. Gradual methods of weaning, such as when the calf is fitted with a nose flap to prevent suckling, are known to reduce the behavioral and physiological indicators of stress. Nose flaps are held in place by the nasal septum and are worn for 4 to 7 d. In the present study, the objectives were to 1) identify if a plastic nose flap worn for 7 d caused nasal injuries, (2) identify if factors like calf body weight or septum size predict injuries or flap loss, and (3) create a scoring system that could reliably score wound characteristics. Eighty-two (N\u2005=\u200582) Angus and Angus\u2013Hereford crossbred beef calves were randomly assigned to \u2018Flap\u2019 or \u2018No Flap\u2019 treatments. Calves weighed 247\u2005\u00b1\u200529 kg and those with a flap had septums that were 39\u2005\u00b1\u20052 mm (mean\u2005\u00b1\u2005SD). Images were taken of each nostril before flap insertion, on the day of removal, and 6 d after removal. Wounds were scored for the presence\/absence of three characteristics in either nostril: damage (tissue where the flap rested was a different color than surrounding nostril), impression (edges of the wound were clearly raised or sunken), and blood. One trained observer scored a subset of photos (N\u2005=\u200564) twice, in a consistent manner for all three characteristics (damage, impression, and blood; 97%, 91%, and 100% agreement between 1st and 2nd evaluations, respectively), indicating that our system is repeatable. Thirty-two percent of calves in the Flap treatment lost their flap before the day of removal. No calves in the No Flap treatment were injured. All animals that kept their flap in for 7 d had damage and impressions in at least one nostril and 86% of calves had blood present immediately after nose flap removal (P\u2005\u2264\u20050.001 compared to No Flap) indicating that the flaps altered the nasal tissue and created open wounds. Six d after flap removal, 100% still had visible damage, 64% had impressions, and 29% had blood, indicating that while damage is longer lasting, wounds can start to repair after the flap is removed. Injuries were prevalent in all calves, thus there was no relationship between calf size (body weight or septum width) on these wounds (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.374). Body weight or septum size did not differ (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.489) between calves that kept or lost their flap. Injuries inflicted from a nose flap may counteract the previously documented benefits of this method of weaning, making it less advantageous than alternatives and raise concerns about other uses of these devices in other contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T12:53:52Z","timestamp":1688734432000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development and application of a scoring system for septum injuries in beef calves with and without a nose flap"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A A","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C B","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082810264951200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14643","article-title":"Two-step weaning in beef calves: permanence of nose flaps for 7 or 21 days does not influence the behaviour response","volume":"56","author":"Alvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. 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