{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:03:07Z","timestamp":1791950587243,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cobalt is an essential trace mineral required for ruminal vitamin B12 synthesis, but sources differ in ruminal microbial utilization, i.e., cobalt carbonate is poorly water soluble, whereas acetate and lactate forms are water soluble. Reports comparing organic cobalt lactate to other cobalt salts are lacking. The study objective was to determine if feeding cobalt lactate at two inclusion rates resulted in similar growth performance and tissue cobalt concentrations as the carbonate and acetate forms used in feeds. One hundred Angus cross bred steers weighing 385\u2005\u00b1\u200520 kg were randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Cattle were fed a basal diet plus: 1) cobalt carbonate to supply cobalt at 30 mg\/steer\/d, 2) cobalt acetate to supply cobalt at 30 mg\/steer\/d, 3) cobalt acetate to supply cobalt at 60 mg\/steer\/d, 4) cobalt lactate to supply cobalt at 30 mg\/steer\/d, and 5) cobalt lactate to supply cobalt at 60 mg\/steer\/d. Cattle were fed according to industry standards until body fat deposition was visually deemed to grade USDA Choice, which was 92 and 117 d for each of the 2 blocks, respectively. Steers were harvested and carcass measurements recorded along with sampling of adipose, heart, kidney, liver, and muscle for tissue cobalt concentrations. Three statistical contrasts consisted of: 1: inorganic (cobalt carbonate) vs. organic (cobalt acetate and lactate); 2: cobalt acetate vs. cobalt lactate; and 3: feeding rate of 30 vs. 60 mg\/steer\/d cobalt. Body weight gains, average daily gains, dry matter intake, and feed conversions were similar (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.10) for steers fed all cobalt sources and feeding rates. Hot carcass weight, yield grade, back fat thickness, and ribeye area were similar (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.10) among steers fed all cobalt sources and inclusion rates. Liver, kidney, muscle, and adipose cobalt concentrations were similar (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.08) for steers fed inorganic vs. organic cobalt sources. Feeding cobalt lactate compared with cobalt acetate did not affect (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.10) liver, kidney, heart, muscle, and adipose tissue cobalt concentrations. Feeding 60 mg\/steer\/d cobalt compared with 30 mg\/steer\/d increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01) liver, kidney, heart, and adipose tissue cobalt concentrations, while muscle was a tendency (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.06). The study demonstrated that feeding soluble cobalt lactate, a new cobalt source, resulted in similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, and tissue cobalt concentrations when compared with cobalt acetate and carbonate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T09:16:13Z","timestamp":1697620573000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of growth performance and tissue cobalt concentrations in beef cattle fed inorganic and organic cobalt sources"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Raths","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph W","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audie","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri-Research Center , Canyon, TX 79015 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ty","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beef Carcass Research Center, Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University , Canyon, TX 79016 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L G","family":"van de Ligt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ToxStrategies LLC , Katy, TX 77494 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heb","family":"Purvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Doering-Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P","family":"Casper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralco Animal Nutrition , Marshall, MN 50258 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0001","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching","author":"ADSA-ASAS-PSA","year":"2020","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5979","article-title":"Effects of cobalt supplementation and vitamin B12 injections on lactation performance and metabolism of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Akins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0003","volume-title":"Effects of cobalt supplementation on carbohydrate and nitrogen utilization by ruminal bacteria in continuous culture. MS Thesis","author":"Allen","year":"1986"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000029434.89679.a2","article-title":"Interactions between toxic (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and nutritional essential (Ca, cobalt, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) elements in the tissues of cattle from NW Spain","volume":"17","author":"Alonso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(70)86353-6","article-title":"Recent developments in cobalt and copper in ruminant nutrition: A review","volume":"53","author":"Ammerman","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0006","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2019","edition":"21st ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0007","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effects of a microencapsulated blend of essential oils supplemented alone or in combination with monensin on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing beef steers Appl","volume":"35","author":"Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0008","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Influence of cobalt-dextrose-lactone on glucose, volatile fatty acids and reproductive performance of beef cows","author":"Bishop","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-5029","article-title":"Effects of 35% corn wet distillers grains plus solubles in steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn-based finishing diets on animal performance, carcass characteristics, beef fatty acid composition and, and sensory attributes","volume":"91","author":"Buttrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10669","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20252","article-title":"Supplementing additional cobalt as cobalt lactate in a high-forage total mixed ration fed to late-lactation dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Casper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214584","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214584","article-title":"Levels of trace minerals and potential toxic elements in bovine livers: A trend analysis from 2007 to 2018","volume":"14","author":"Counotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0013","volume-title":"Hawk\u2019s physiological chemistry","author":"Damon","year":"1966","edition":"14th ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111600197X","article-title":"A comparison between different concentrations and sources of cobalt in goat kid nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Dezfoulian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0015","first-page":"2727. 27 pages","article-title":"Scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of cobalt carbonate as feed additive for ruminants, horses and rabbits","volume":"10","author":"EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP)","year":"2012","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(79)83302-0","article-title":"Milk fat as relative to vitamin B12 status","volume":"62","author":"Elliot","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0017","first-page":"314","article-title":"Chelated minerals and its effect on animal production: A review","volume":"39","author":"Gayathri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Rev"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0018","first-page":"1855","article-title":"Relationships between vitamin B12 and cobalt metabolism in domestic ruminant: An update","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Monta\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(97)00060-2","article-title":"Bioavailability of cobalt sources for ruminants 1 Effects of time and dietary cobalt concentration on tissue cobalt concentration","volume":"17","author":"Henry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.02.004","article-title":"The use of blood analysis to evaluate trace mineral status in ruminant livestock","volume":"27","author":"Herdt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0021","first-page":"704","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folate: pediatric reference ranges","volume":"117","author":"Hicks","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa054.249","article-title":"Impact of increasing levels of fumonisin on performance, liver toxicity, and tissue histopathology of finishing steers","volume":"98","author":"Jennings","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639432","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.639432","article-title":"Feeding sheep cobalt and oregano essential oil alone or in combination on ruminal nutrient digestibility, fermentation, and fiber digestion combined with scanning electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027620","article-title":"The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver, and kidney of Swedish pigs and cattle","volume":"188","author":"Jorhem","year":"1989","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(97)00061-4","article-title":"Bioavailability of cobalt sources for ruminants. 2. Estimation of the relative value of reagent grade and feed grade cobalt sources from tissue cobalt accumulation and vitamin B12 concentrations","volume":"17","author":"Kawashima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(97)00062-6","article-title":"Bioavailability of cobalt sources for ruminants. 3. In vitro ruminal production of vitamin B12 and total corrinoids in response to different cobalt sources and concentrations","volume":"17","author":"Kawashima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73724-2","article-title":"Effect of dietary cobalt supplementation on cobalt metabolism and performance of dairy cattle","volume":"86","author":"Kincaid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-296","article-title":"Effect of cobalt supplementation during late gestation and early lactation on milk and serum measures","volume":"90","author":"Kincaid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0233357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233357","article-title":"2020 ICP-MS trace element analysis in serum and whole blood","volume":"15","author":"Laur","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711452100221X","article-title":"Effects of folic acid and cobalt sulphate supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein calves","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1976.423693x","article-title":"Effects of plant species and cobalt intake upon cobalt utilization and ration digestibility by sheep","volume":"42","author":"Looney","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77759-5","article-title":"Effect of copper and cobalt addition on digestion and growth in heifers fed diets containing alfalfa silage or corn crop residues","volume":"75","author":"Lopez-Guisa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002740","article-title":"Intraruminal propionate supplementation modifies hindlimb energy metabolism without changing the splanchnic release of glucose in growing lambs","volume":"89","author":"Majdoub","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.21899\/978-1506904580","volume-title":"Mineral nutrition history, the early years. Pages 546-568","author":"McDowell","year":"2017","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-408-71014-5.50013-3","article-title":"Cobalt deficiency and cobalt requirements of ruminants","volume-title":"Recent advances in animal nutrition","author":"Mills","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0036","first-page":"85","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of critical supplementation of wheat straw with graded levels of various sources of cobalt","volume":"5","author":"Nagabhushana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0037","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle","author":"NASEM","year":"2016","edition":"8th rev. ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0038","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle","author":"NASEM","year":"2021","edition":"8th rev. ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0039","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: Update 2000","author":"NRC","year":"2000","edition":"7th rev. ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0040","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle","author":"NRC","year":"2001","edition":"7th rev. ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0041","volume-title":"Mineral tolerance of animals","author":"NRC","year":"2005","edition":"2nd rev. ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0042","first-page":"E133","article-title":"Controlling variation in feed intake through bunk management","volume":"81","author":"Pritchard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0043","volume-title":"Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data.","author":"Puls","year":"1994","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0282","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionist: The 2015 New Mexico State and Texas Tech University Survey","volume":"94","author":"Samuelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2000.00258.x","article-title":"Cobalt requirement of beef cattle-feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply Anim Phys","volume":"83","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19700092","article-title":"Production, adaptation, distribution, and excretion of vitamin B12 in sheep","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0047","first-page":"193","article-title":"Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, and nickel in plant tissue","volume-title":"Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis","author":"Soon","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500001987","article-title":"Evaluation of the cobalt requirement of beef cattle based on vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid","volume":"84","author":"Stangl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0049","volume-title":"Principles and produces of statistics. A biometrical approach","author":"Steele","year":"1980","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/102.10.1341","article-title":"Effect of ratio of roughage to concentrate and level of feed intake and ovine ruminal vitamin B12 production","volume":"102","author":"Sutton","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0051","author":"Texas Cattle Feeders Association","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83112580x","article-title":"Differential responses to dietary cobalt in finishing steers fed corn-versus barley-based diets","volume":"83","author":"Tiffany","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.843635x","article-title":"Influence of cobalt concentration on vitamin B12 production and fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture flow-through fermenters J","volume":"84","author":"Tiffany","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81123151x","article-title":"Influence of dietary cobalt source and concentration on performance, vitamin B12 status, and ruminal and plasma metabolites in growing and finishing steers","volume":"81","author":"Tiffany","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0055","author":"USDA","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0261","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations of consulting feedlot nutritionists: The 2007 Texas Tech University Survey","volume":"85","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(72)85518-8","article-title":"Lactational trends in vitamin B12 status on conventional and restricted-roughage rations","volume":"55","author":"Walker","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217746612","article-title":"Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction","volume":"243","author":"Watamabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med"},{"key":"2023111513310225900_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859617000107","article-title":"Comparison of supplemental cobalt form on fibre digestion and cobalamin concentrations in cattle","volume":"155","author":"Waterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad120\/52210207\/txad120.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/txad120\/53408196\/txad120.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/txad120\/53408196\/txad120.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T13:31:34Z","timestamp":1700055094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txad120\/7320442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txad120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"article-number":"txad120"}}