{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T02:25:20Z","timestamp":1777170320102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA)-2022 serves as a benchmark of the current market cow and bull sectors of the U.S. beef industry and allows comparison to previous audits as a method of monitoring industry progress. From September 2021 through May 2022, livestock trailers (n\u2005=\u2005125), live animals (n\u2005=\u20055,430), and post-slaughter hide-on animals (n\u2005=\u20056,674) were surveyed at 20 commercial beef processing facilities across the U.S. Cattle were transported in a variety of trailer types for an average distance of 490.6 km and a mean transport time of 6.3\u00a0h. During transit, cattle averaged 2.3 m2 of trailer space per animal indicating sufficient space was provided according to industry guidelines. Of all trailers surveyed, 55.3% transported cattle from an auction barn to a processing facility. When surveyed, 63.6% of all truck drivers reported to be Beef Quality Assurance certified. The majority (77.0%) of cattle were sound when evaluated for mobility. Mean body condition scores (9-point scale) for beef cows and bulls were 3.8 and 4.4, respectively, whereas mean body condition scores (5-point scale) for dairy cows and bulls were 2.3 and 2.6, respectively. Of the cattle surveyed, 45.1% had no visible live animal defects, and 37.9% had only a single defect. Of defects present in cows, 64.6% were attributed to an udder problem. Full udders were observed in 47.5% of all cows. Nearly all cattle were free of visible abscesses and knots (97.9% and 98.2%, respectively). No horns were observed in 89.4% of all cattle surveyed. Beef cattle were predominantly black-hided (68.9% and 67.4% of cows and bulls, respectively). Holstein was the predominant dairy animal observed and accounted for 85.7% of the cows and 98.0% of the bulls. Only 3.1% of all animals had no form of identification. Findings from the NBQA-2022 show improvements within the industry and identify areas that require continued education and research to improve market cow and bull welfare and beef quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txae033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T16:10:10Z","timestamp":1710173410000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["National Beef Quality Audit\u20142022: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and hide assessments to determine producer-related defects that affect animal welfare and the value of market cows and bulls at processing facilities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sydni E","family":"Borders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trent E","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thachary R","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerri B","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davey B","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , 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State University , Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1171 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahesh N","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1171 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J Brad","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1171 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarrett B","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1171 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan M","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gretchen G","family":"Mafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keayla M","family":"Harr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ty E","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University , Canyon, TX, 79016 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis C","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University , Canyon, TX, 79016 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loni W","family":"Lucherk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University , Canyon, TX, 79016 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis G","family":"O\u2019Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS, 66506 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin S","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS, 66506 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phil D","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho 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Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal M","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, California State University , Chico, CA, 95929 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey W","family":"Savell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX, 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041316205829800_CIT0001","volume-title":"Master cattle transporter guide","author":"Beef Quality Assurance","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024041316205829800_CIT0002","volume-title":"National manual","author":"Beef Quality 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