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The DFM was further characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and cell surface hydrophobicity (microbial adhesion to hexadecane [MATH] assay). The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using short-read sequencing. In general, the DFM exhibited the characteristic FTIR bands associated with probiotic cells with a protein\/carbohydrate ratio of 1.3:1. It was also found from the DLS analysis that the average particle size and surface electrical potential of the probiotic cells were 1,062\u2005\u00b1\u200577\u00a0nm and \u221232.6\u2005\u00b1\u20053.7 mV, respectively. ESEM studies confirmed the size of the cells (1,010 to 1,060\u00a0nm), showing a quasi-spherical cocci-type morphology, whereas EDS spectroscopy revealed a higher Nitrogen\/Carbone ratio on the cell surface. Moreover, the MATH assay showed the hydrophobic character of the DFM (92% adhesion). Furthermore, based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the predominant genus in the DFM was Streptococcus (99%). Regarding the protective effect on the gut barrier, animals supplemented with 1011 CFU\/mL exhibited a significantly reduced intestinal permeability compared with the control group. DFM supplementation also increased villi and crypt dimensions and Goblet cells (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) in the ileum and cecum. These results demonstrate that the DFM presented adequate surface and colloidal properties that help maintain the functionality of the gut barrier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaf003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T18:22:27Z","timestamp":1736446947000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physicochemical characterization and 16S rRNA analysis of a direct-fed microbial from calf ruminal fluid and its protective effect on Sprague\u2013Dawley rat gut barrier function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiku D J","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rumiolog\u00eda y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitl\u00e1n (FESC), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) , Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5581-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00e1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rumiolog\u00eda y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitl\u00e1n (FESC), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) , Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika A","family":"de los R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Microscop\u00eda, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, UNAM , Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3324-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan de Dios","family":"Figueroa-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materiales Bio-org\u00e1nicos, CINVESTAV-Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, Libramiento Norponiente No. 2000 , Fraccionamiento Real de Juriquilla, Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14-A1 (Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales), FESC, UNAM , Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli, Estado de M\u00e9xico,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Albores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinaria L14-A1 (Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de Materiales), FESC, UNAM , Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli, Estado de M\u00e9xico,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rumiolog\u00eda y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitl\u00e1n (FESC), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) , Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7073-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ofelia","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rumiolog\u00eda y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitl\u00e1n (FESC), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) , Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031313211305400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0114","article-title":"Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants","volume":"19","author":"Abd El-Tawab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. 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