{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:26:36Z","timestamp":1768803996420,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Forty Hereford cross calves (mean and SD of 47.9\u2005\u00b1\u200510.43 d old) were used to assess the efficacy of lidocaine administered immediately before surgical castration on physiological and behavioral indicators of pain and discomfort. Calves were assigned by age to one of two treatments: surgical castration following subcutaneous injection of 2.5\u00a0mL\/100\u00a0kg body weight of meloxicam (Metacam 20\u00a0mg\/mL, Boehringer Ingelhein, Burlington, ON, Canada) per kg body weight (MEX, n\u2005=\u200519); or the same treatment preceded 90\u00a0s before by a nerve block of the spermatic cord using 8\u00a0mL of buffered (1 mL:10\u00a0mL of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate USP, Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, IL, USA) lidocaine (4\u00a0mL per cord; 20\u00a0mg\/mL, LIDO-2 with epinephrine, Rafter Products, Calgary, AB, Canada) (LID, n\u2005=\u200521). During the castration procedure, two observers scored how much pain each animal was experiencing (visual analog score, VAS), number of body shakes and leg kicks for each calf. Blood samples and exit scores were collected the day of castration and on d 7, and 14 to assess the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N:L) and calf temperament, respectively. Hair samples were collected the day of castration and on d 14 to determine cortisol levels. Scrotal circumference, swelling, and healing scores were determined on d 7 and 14 to assess healing. An accelerometer (HOBO Pendant\u00ae G Data Logger, Onset, Cape Cod, MA) was placed on the left hind leg to measure lying behavior until d 6 after castration. Calves were video recorded for 1 hour after the castration procedure to observe behaviors indicative of pain and discomfort. Surveillance cameras were also used to assess the mobility of the calves when cow-calf pairs were moved from the holding pen to the pasture. The VAS, number of tail flicks and foot stamps were greater (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01) in MEX than in LID calves. During the first hour after castration, LID calves spent more time lying (P\u2005=\u20050.03) and less time standing (P\u2005=\u20050.01) than MEX calves. When moved from the holding pen, LID calves moved faster (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01) and closer to their dams (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) than MEX calves. Hair cortisol was greater (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) in LID than MEX calves on d 14. Results suggest that using lidocaine for local anesthesia immediately before surgical castration reduced behaviors indicative of pain and improved mobility post-castration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaf010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1737807103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of administering local anesthesia immediately before surgical castration on indicators of pain and discomfort of beef calves"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amanda F","family":"Bernier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0001","author":"AVMA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Welfare Implications of Castration of Cattle"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0002","volume-title":"Veterinary anaesthesia","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","edition":"11th Ed"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-12","article-title":"A survey of castration methods and associated livestock management practices performed by bovine veterinarians in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Coetzee","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0004","first-page":"375","article-title":"The behavioral assessment and alleviation of pain associated with castration in beef calves treated with flunixin meglumine and caudal lidocaine epidural anesthesia with epinephrine","volume":"50","author":"Currah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2006.01.005","article-title":"Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques","volume":"147","author":"Davenport","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118999196","volume-title":"Pain management in veterinary practice","author":"Egger","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.74102336x","article-title":"Effect of castration method and the provision of local Anesthesia on plasma cortisol, scrotal circumference, growth, and feed intake of bull calves","volume":"74","author":"Fisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb11981.x","article-title":"Effects of surgical or banding castration on stress responses and behavior of bulls Aust","volume":"79","author":"Fisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5040409","article-title":"How farm animals react and perceive stressful situations such as handling, restraint, and transport","volume":"5","author":"Grandin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas68-021","article-title":"Canadian veterinarians\u2019 use of analgesics in cattle, pigs, and horses in 2004 and 2005","volume":"48","author":"Hewson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.2.197","article-title":"Current attitudes of veterinarians and producers regarding the use of local and systemic analgesia in beef and dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"258","author":"Johnstone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.07.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the ruminant complete blood cell count","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01747.x","article-title":"Lidocaine inhibits secretion of IL-8 and IL-1\u03b2 and stimulates secretion of IL-1 receptor antagonist by epithelial cells","volume":"127","author":"Lahav","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1071\/an16210","article-title":"Assessing and mitigating post-operative castration pain in Bos indicus cattle","volume":"58","author":"Laurence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.04.009","article-title":"Mitigation of electroencephalographic and cardiovascular responses to castration in Bos indicus bulls following the administration of either lidocaine or meloxicam","volume":"44","author":"Lehmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1763","article-title":"Effect of band and knife castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three relevant industry ages: II. Chronic pain","volume":"95","author":"Marti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1978","article-title":"Effect of timing of subcutaneous meloxicam administration on indicators of pain after knife castration of weaned calves","volume":"95","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky034","article-title":"Effect of a single dose of meloxicam prior to band or knife castration in 1-wk-old beef calves: I. Acute pain","volume":"96","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1762","article-title":"Effect of band and knife castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three relevant industry ages: I. Acute pain","volume":"95","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207289","article-title":"Effect of meloxicam and lidocaine administered alone or in combination on indicators of pain and distress during and after knife castration in weaned beef calves","volume":"13","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244854","article-title":"Effects of conditioning, source, and rest on indicators of stress in beef cattle transported by road","volume":"16","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1226","article-title":"Minireview: hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity","volume":"153","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7885","article-title":"Healing of surgical castration wounds: a description and an evaluation of flunixin","volume":"92","author":"Mintline","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.0949","article-title":"Management practices associated with pain in cattle on western Canadian cow\u2013calf operations: A mixed methods study","volume":"95","author":"Moggy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00635-4","article-title":"Assessment of acute and chronic pain after different methods of castration of calves","volume":"46","author":"Molony","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.12.003","article-title":"Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare","volume":"92","author":"Morm\u00e8de","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7298","article-title":"Effects of castration method and frequency of intramuscular injections of ketoprofen on behavioral and physiological indicators of pain in beef cattle","volume":"92","author":"Moya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.10.007","article-title":"Standardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle","volume":"158","author":"Moya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lives. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.05.002","article-title":"Anesthetic effects of different volumes of lidocaine for spermatic cord block in cattle","volume":"44","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1406161","article-title":"Limits to using HPA axis activity as an indication of animal welfare","volume":"32","author":"Otovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Altex"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.842351x","article-title":"Effect of carprofen administration during banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on plasma cortisol, in vitro interferon-\u03b3 production, acute-phase proteins, feed intake, and growth","volume":"84","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.01.005","article-title":"Subjective methods to quantify temperament in beef cattle are insensitive to the number and biases of observers","volume":"212","author":"Parham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109004479","article-title":"Perceptions of the importance of different welfare issues in livestock production","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041127","article-title":"Analgesia for sheep in commercial production: where to next","volume":"11","author":"Small","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36560","article-title":"The welfare significance of the castration of cattle: A review","volume":"53","author":"Stafford","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Z Vet. J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.018","article-title":"Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and dehorning in cattle","volume":"135","author":"Stafford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(02)00045-0","article-title":"Effects of local anaesthesia or local anaesthesia plus a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the acute cortisol response of calves to five different methods of castration","volume":"73","author":"Stafford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.08.031","article-title":"Effect of local anaesthesia on short- and long-term pain induced by two bloodless castration methods in calves","volume":"173","author":"Th\u00fcer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0039","volume-title":"Pain and its management","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2013","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0040","volume-title":"UBC Anima Welfare Program: SOP - HOBO Data Loggers","author":"UBC","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040126","article-title":"Effect of lignocaine and a topical vapocoolant spray on pain response during surgical castration of beef calves","volume":"9","author":"Van der Saag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025021411064672200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5122","article-title":"Comparison of flight speed and exit score as measurements of temperament in beef cattle1,2","volume":"91","author":"Vetters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txaf010\/61625239\/txaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txaf010\/61625239\/txaf010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txaf010\/61625239\/txaf010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:06:55Z","timestamp":1739531215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txaf010\/7979174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txaf010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"txaf010"}}