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Our objective was to conduct a longitudinal study to assess temporal alterations in the transcriptome of white blood cells from dairy calves exposed to heat stress. Eight Holstein bull calves (68.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.37\u2009kg of BW, aged 3.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009weeks) were raised in individual pens following current commercial management practices. Calves were exposed to cyclic heat stress treatment (40\u00b0C ambient temperature from 0800 to 1900\u2009h daily followed by 27\u00b0C) for 5\u2009days. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, and 5\u2009days relative to treatment to conduct RNA extractions from white blood cells for RNA sequencing. Comparisons between control on day 0 against day 1 and day 5 of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were considered using an adjusted P-value\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05. A total of 5 DEGs were detected when comparing control day 0 against day 1 (i.e., 3 downregulated and 2 upregulated). A total of 1,133 DEGs were detected when comparing control day 0 against day 5 (i.e., 722 downregulated and 411 upregulated). Differentially expressed genes were screened to fit into functional categories of pathways or ontologies associated with known impacts on functions. The functional annotation of differentially expressed genes showed upregulation of pathways associated with the heat shock response and changes in lipid metabolism possibly to support the activation of immune cells on day 1 compared with day 0. Transcriptional changes showed downregulation of \u201cSpliceosome,\u201d \u201cNeutrophil extracellular trap formation,\u201d and \u201cATP-dependent chromatin remodeling\u201d on day 5 compared with day 0 due to the inhibition of most of spliceosomal RNA-related genes and several clustered histone variants respectively. In general, on day 1 heat stress was associated with preservation of cellular homeostasis and changes in metabolism. On day 5 heat stress was associated with the inhibition of various pathways, possibly to tightly control inflammation and prevent dysregulation of leukocytes\u2019 function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txag029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:42:48Z","timestamp":1773330168000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptome changes in leukocytes of dairy calves exposed to heat stress"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia J","family":"Mois\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E","family":"Beever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhantao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan M","family":"Cantet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M R R","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn G","family":"R\u00edus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture , Knoxville, TN, 37996,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050719113883900_txag029-B1","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026050719113883900_txag029-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603380","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.603380","article-title":"Role of chromatin architecture in plant stress responses: an update","volume":"11","author":"Bhadouriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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