{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:33:37Z","timestamp":1788993217064,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":100,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["OKL03170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OKL03170"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a valuable byproduct of cattle production, critical for vaccines, cell therapy, and other cell growth applications. Despite its value, cattle producers are not given incentives to increase FBS supply. This paper describes the FBS production process and investigates the economic and institutional barriers to increasing FBS production. The marketing channels and production process are described by interviews with industry employees. Opinions from these interviews led us to the hypothesis that concerns about the public\u2019s reaction to the animal welfare implications in the production of FBS are the primary cause for the market inefficiency of FBS. Production budgets show revenue potential and industry costs. To identify existing market incentives, least squares mean regression are used on replacement and slaughter cow auction price data. Results from the budget analysis show a positive net revenue from a pregnant cow, yet the results of the least squares regression show no significant incentives to produce a pregnant cow. This suggests that pregnant cows are not incentivized, regardless of the positive returns available, which aligns with interview responses that state animal welfare concerns stop purposeful production of pregnant cows for FBS production. While pregnant cows receive slightly higher prices, the premiums pale in comparison to the potential value of FBS. The budgets show potential profits of $908 per cow that is found to have a 23-kg fetus, but a maximum of $56.47 increase in premium for a cow that is further along in the pregnancy (7\u20139\u2009months pregnant vs. 1\u20133\u2009months pregnant) and would produce more serum. The current lack of incentives could be problematic for the future of FBS supply based on current short-term trends in the cattle markets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txag044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:47:04Z","timestamp":1775735224000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Production, pricing, and incentives in the fetal bovine serum market"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5203-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela N","family":"Jungbluth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7109-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B Wade","family":"Brorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrell S","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK, 74078,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13070\/mm.en.3.175","article-title":"Cell culture media: a review","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Methods"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111697","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of marine invertebrate and insect protein hydrolysates to reduce fetal bovine serum in cell culture media for cultivated fish production","volume":"12","author":"Batish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19519","article-title":"Invited review: beef-on-dairy\u2014the generation of crossbred beef \u00d7 dairy cattle","volume":"104","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4148\/2378-5977.1655","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy in feedlot heifers on performance and carcass characteristics","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kansas Agric. Exp. Station Res. Rep"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2020-02012","article-title":"Factors influencing bred beef heifer sale prices in a sequential auction","volume":"36","author":"Boyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7771\/2331-9151.1035","article-title":"Improving beef cattle profitability by changing calving season length","volume":"3","author":"Boyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Farm Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B7","first-page":"2","article-title":"Bred heifer price determinants in the southeast","volume":"3","author":"Boyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Farm Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.11.112","article-title":"Peak serum: implications of serum supply for cell therapy manufacturing","volume":"7","author":"Brindley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regen. Med"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00104-1","article-title":"An economic risk assessment of the management of pregnant feedlot heifers in the USA","volume":"59","author":"Buhman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.01.008","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and feeding level on carcass and meat quality traits of Nellore cows","volume":"94","author":"Duarte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1017\/aae.2024.20","article-title":"Optimal beef cow culling strategies in the U.S.: a dynamic linear programing framework","volume":"56","author":"Erol","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Appl. Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B12","author":"Faizullabhoy","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178960","article-title":"Long-Term growth comparison studies of FBS and FBS alternatives in six head and neck cell lines","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B14","author":"Feeder Cattle Grades and Standards","year":"."},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B16","author":"Fetal Bovine Serum Market Size & Share 2024-2030","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2022.100358","article-title":"How much will large-scale production of cell-cultured meat cost?","volume":"10","author":"Garrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skae304","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae304","article-title":"A multispecies bacterial-based direct-fed microbial alleviates Salmonella invasion and supports in vitro epithelial integrity","volume":"102","author":"Gresse","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2020","DOI":"10.22004\/ag.econ.303636"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/aae.2026.10035","article-title":"Economic analysis of yearling-fed and calf-fed systems of native beef and dairy-beef crossbred steers","volume":"58","author":"Grote","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Appl. Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-013-9633-8","article-title":"A plea to reduce or replace fetal bovine serum in cell culture media","volume":"65","author":"Gstraunthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B22","author":"Heat-Inactivated FBS (HI FBS)","year":"."},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B23","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B24","first-page":"613","article-title":"The relative economics of feeding open, aborted, pregnant feedlot heifers","volume":"32","author":"Jim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290203000208","article-title":"The use of fetal bovine serum: Ethical or scientific problem?","volume":"30","author":"Jochems","year":"2002","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B26","author":"Johnson","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)30909-8","article-title":"A stochastic model to compare breeding system costs for synchronization of estrus and artificial insemination to natural service","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22004\/ag.econ.330845","article-title":"The US public\u2019s attitudes on animal and worker welfare in the dairy and poultry industries","volume":"49","author":"Kaminski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7171699x","article-title":"Carcass traits and the occurrence of dark cutters in pregnant and nonpregnant feedlot heifers","volume":"71","author":"Kreikemeier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113617","article-title":"Analysis of commercial fetal bovine serum (FBS) and its substitutes in the development of cultured meat","volume":"174","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B7722628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2024.100396","article-title":"Development of fetal bovine serum substitute derived from egg for muscle satellite cell culture: A preliminary study","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Foods"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skae021","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae021","article-title":"The effect and mechanism of selenium supplementation on the proliferation capacity of bovine endometrial epithelial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide in vitro under high cortisol background","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2789","article-title":"Economic comparison of natural service and timed artificial insemination breeding programs in dairy cattle","volume":"93","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf274","article-title":"Bovine neutrophil migration, CD11a\/CD18 expression, and cytokine response to co-culture with mammary gland endothelial cells and epithelial cells","volume":"103","author":"McClenahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/aae.2017.20","article-title":"Price determinants of bred cows","volume":"50","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Appl. Econ"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B8294020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03546672","article-title":"Plasma and blood volume in the calf from birth till 90 days of age","volume":"16","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab192","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab192","article-title":"Beef production from cull dairy cows: a review from culling to consumption","volume":"99","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B36","year":"1929"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12665\/J18OA.Murray","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum \u2013 geographical origin and international trade","volume":"18","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioProcess. J"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12665\/J18OA.Hawkes","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum and the slaughter of pregnant cows: animal welfare and ethics","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioProcessing J"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720951556","article-title":"Analysis of irradiated argentinean fetal bovine serum for adventitious agents","volume":"32","author":"Pecora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B41","author":"International Serum Industry Association","year":"."},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2015.03.003","article-title":"Management of pregnant heifers in the feedlot","volume":"31","author":"Rademacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B43","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99603-7","article-title":"Low-cost food-grade alternatives for serum albumins in FBS-free cell culture media","volume":"15","author":"Schenzle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106841","article-title":"Applications and world-wide use of sexed semen in cattle","volume":"246","author":"Seidel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B46","author":"Selk","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12665\/J123.Siegel","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum: the impact of geography","volume":"12","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioProcess. J"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68168-5_1","volume-title":"Calving management and newborn calf care: an interactive textbook for cattle medicine and obstetrics","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B49","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03423-8","article-title":"Simple and effective serum-free medium for sustained expansion of bovine satellite cells for cell cultured meat","volume":"5","author":"Stout","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaf267","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf267","article-title":"Seminal plasma from bulls with divergent plane of nutrition minimally alters bovine uterine endometrial epithelial cell gene expression in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Swanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B52","author":"ThermoFisher Scientific","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B53","author":"ThermoFisher Scientific","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B54","author":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B55","author":"USDA","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2101271","article-title":"Animal welfare and ethics in the collection of fetal blood for the production of fetal bovine serum","volume":"38","author":"Versteegen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ALTEX - Altern Anim Exp"},{"key":"2026042912114244300_txag044-B57","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Translational Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag044\/68030599\/txag044.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag044\/68030599\/txag044.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag044\/68030599\/txag044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:11:52Z","timestamp":1777479112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/tas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/tas\/txag044\/8651333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tas\/txag044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-2102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-2102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"txag044"}}